Collaborative learning has been shown to be a useful tool for improving several social skills in students; however, it is very diffi cult to set up the initial conditions that guarantee its eff ectiveness. Since group projects are made for students and, most importantly, by students, we should not forget to take their opinions based on previous experience into consideration, which might increase the effi ciency of their own learning. Th erefore, the aim of the study was to investigate what secondary school students learn from and think about group projects in Physical Education. A total of 94 secondary school students (46 girls and 48 boys) participated in the study carried out in the 2015/2016 school year. Th e participants were given the assignment to create a video exercise, which they were working on in small groups in PE. A questionnaire was designed to investigate students' learning outcomes, participation, evaluation, and attitudes towards the project. Diff erences for selected categorical variables were determined using the Chi-square test. Th e majority of the students reported improvement in selected social skills and better relationships with their teammates. In addition, several signifi cant diff erences in students' opinions with respect to age and gender were found.
Objective. The objective of this systematic review of literature was to identify if the musculoskeletal condition and disorders caused by adaptation on specific movement patterns in sports games is as risk factors of low back pain (LBP). Data sources. A comprehensive search of articles published in the last 20 years was conducted in four databases (PubMed®, Google Scholar, Web of Science). Different combinations of keywords such as LBP, muscle imbalance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, musculoskeletal system and sport game were used, applying the Boolean operators. After establishing the criteria of selection, 9 studies of 52 initially identified were analyzed. Results. From the viewpoint of musculoskeletal condition and its functional adaptation as the possible risk factors of LBP in the sports games it is suggested that the musculoskeletal system, its functional disorders, endurance and maximal strength of the trunk muscles are not risk factors of LBP in every aspect. The risk factors appear to be muscle imbalances combined with functional asymmetry of pelvic and its asymmetrical rotation as a result of unilateral overloading, as well as the low maximal lumbar[ flexion. Low level of endurance of trunk and core muscles cannot be uniquely identified as a risk factor of LBP. Similarly, the maximal isometric strength of trunk muscles do not act as a risk factor of LBP, either. Conclusion. A detailed comparison of data between the sports games, within game, sex or age was not possible. Further research is necessary. Nevertheless, based on the results of this review, it is obvious that in sports games LBP is a consequence of functional and structural changes of pelvic and related muscles. There is less evidence for endurance and maximal isometric strength of trunk muscles to be a risk factor of LBP.
SummaryThe explosion of information and the development of information and communication technologies contribute to serious worldwide problems – sedentary life styles and physical inactivity of people, all with related health, economic and social consequences. International organizations are actively addressing these current problems of the world. Good example of successful cooperation between international bodies is ICSSPE’s International Committee of Sport Pedagogy (ICSP) and its participation on international projects: “International Position Statement on Physical Education”, “Benchmarks for Physical Education”, “Designed to Move”, “Global Voices on Quality of Physical Education and Sport”, “International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activities and Sport”, “Quality Physical Education Guidelines for Policy Makers”, “Madagascar project”
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