We intended to evaluate the effects of different explants and growth regulators on callus induction and plant regeneration in garlic (Allium sativum L.). Furthermore, we intended to differentiate among different morphological types of callus by light microscopy and to relate them with their abilities to regenerate plants in the redgarlic cultivar 069. A factorial design with BDS-basal Dunstan and Short (1977)-medium, as a control and supplemented with 0.042, 0.42 and 4.24 lM picloram or with 0.045, 0.45 and 4.5 lM 2,4-D, in both cases with and without 4.43 lM N 6 -benzylaminopurine (BAP), was used. The cultures were grown in darkness at 25 ± 2°C and they were subcultured over a 6-month period. Basal plates and meristems were highly responsive explants, while immature umbels and roottips were less responsive ones, as indicated by percentage of induced callus, growing callus and regenerating callus. The best response was 41% regenerating callus with 0.045 lM 2,4-D and BAP
Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum var. saurae) is the predominant forage grass in Florida and in other subtropical regions. To improve pest resistance against fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)], an optimized cry1Fa gene encoding a δ‐endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis was synthesized, subcloned under the transcriptional control of the constitutive ubi1 promoter, and introduced into the bahiagrass cultivar Tifton 9 by particle bombardment. Three transgenic bahiagrass lines were generated using minimal transgene expression cassettes without vector backbone. Southern blot analyses showed independent cry1Fa transgene integration patterns for the three lines. Transcripts of cry1Fa were detected in all three transgenic lines by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Cry1Fa protein was detected in two lines by immuno‐chromatography and quantitative Cry1Fa enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The Cry1Fa ELISA also indicated stable cry1Fa transgene expression in vegetative progeny plants of both lines. Cry1Fa expression levels correlated well to resistance levels determined by insect bioassays. An average mortality rate of 83% was observed when neonate larvae of fall armyworm were fed with transgenic leaves of the highest cry1Fa expressing line. These results indicate that minimal expression cassette technology supports stable and high level expression of cry1Fa in bahiagrass which can control fall armyworm, a devastating pest of forage grasses.
Weeping lovegrass[Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees] supports extensive beef cattle operations in arid and semiarid environments worldwide. This perennial grass is preferred in low production areas of Argentina because it has a high biomass production with minimal management requirements. Therefore, we evaluated yield and nutritional value of seven different cultivars and accessions of weeping lovegrass in a field experiment during two consecutive years (Two tetraploid cultivars (Tanganyika and Morpa), three hexaploid cultivars (Don Pablo, Don Juan, and Don Eduardo), and two accessions (UNST9355 and UNST9446) were included in a complete randomized block design. To evaluate yield and nutritional value, dry weight, leaf length, crown diameter, crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin were determined. Biomass and IVDMD data indicated that hexaploid cultivars performed better than tetraploid ones under limiting environmental conditions observed throughout the study. Therefore, we concluded that breeding programs could select suitable parents from hexaploid cultivars such as Don Pablo and UNST9446 to be used in arid environments while tetraploid cuitivars such as Tanganyika and Morpa could be used In environments with less water restrictions.
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