The aim of the present study was to describe the tridimensional morphological characteristics of the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores (CTCs) in Sprague Dawley rats. Four types of papillae were reported on the dorsal surface. Filiform papillae were distributed on the tongue surface and after epithelial maceration a conic and multifilamentary shape of the CTCs was revealed. Fungiform papillae were reported on the rostral and middle regions covered by a squamous epithelium. After the removal of the epithelium, the shape of a volcano with the taste orifice at its top was noted. Foliate papillae were composed of five pairs of epithelial folds situated on the lateral-caudal margin of the tongue. After the removal of the epithelium, they were shown to be limited by thin laminar projections. The vallate papilla with an oval shape was present in the caudal region and delimited by an incomplete groove. The morphological characteristics of the lingual papillae of Sprague Dowley rats, three-dimensional SEM images, and the types of papillae on the dorsal surface were similar to those reported previously in other rodent mammals. The maceration technique revealed the details of extracellular matrix with varied shapes form of connective tissue cores.

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The present study aimed to describe the structural and ultrastructural morphological characteristics of the lingual epithelium and the connective tissue cores (CTCs) of wild boar (Sus scrofa). The tongues were processed for light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In this study, we revealed the filiform, fungiform, foliate, and vallate papillae. The filiform papilla is elongated with a conical shape and its CTC has a conical shape; the fungiform papilla is rounded with a dome-shape and its CTC is flower bud; the foliate papilla is formed by four pairs of epithelial folds and irregular grooves, and its CTC is thin with adjacent conjunctive projections, and taste buds and serous glands in the epithelial layer have been evidenced; and the vallate papilla is oval surrounded by a groove with increases of epithelium surface, and the CTC is formed by numerous connective projections lined. Also noted were serous gland and taste buds on the medial wall of the vallate papilla. The epithelium has the keratinized, granular, spinous, basal, and lamina propria layers. In conclusion, we found new descriptions and shapes of the CTCs of the lingual papillae. In addition, we demonstrated the epithelium structural characteristics, the nuclear distribution between the epithelial layers, and the ultrastructural aspects of the dorsal epithelium of the tongue.

A Deus pai, que sempre iluminou o meu caminho, me ajudando nas escolhas mais difíceis, Àquele que me deu bênçãos, e me fez confiante sempre. Agradeço Senhor, por colocar as pessoas certas em meu caminho e por todos os SEUS planos para mim. Ao meu orientador Prof. Dr. Ii-sei Watanabe. Meu maior respeito pelo seu caráter e dignidade. Obrigado, pelos seus ensinamentos, pela sua paciência, por seus exemplos e palavras, serei eternamente grata pela confiança depositada. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-CAPES, pelo auxílio concedido em forma de bolsa de estudos. À Professora Doutora Maria Angélica Miglino pela oportunidade única, aceitandome como aluna do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia dos Animais

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A escassez de recursos naturais cresce à medida que as sociedades se desenvolvem. Assim, a sustentabilidade emerge como uma solução e, neste meio, o descarte de materiais orgânicos reaproveitáveis, especialmente vegetais, é um ponto importante a ser discutido e analisado, uma vez que o descarte de lixo se apresenta como um grande entrave para o desenvolvimento das práticas sustentáveis. Dentre os vegetais promissores, destaca-se a cebola, especialmente a cebola roxa, cuja casca usualmente descartada apresenta compostos bioativos, como os polifenólicos resveratrol e quercetina. Tais compostos atuam como antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios, reduzindo danos no organismo humano, como a aterosclerose e a inflamação crônica. Assim, este trabalho visou quantificar o resveratrol e a quercetina da casca da cebola roxa e determinar a atividade antioxidante do extrato. O teor fenólico total foi determinado pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu e os flavonoides totais foram quantificados por método colorimétrico com cloreto de alumínio. A quantidade de resveratrol e quercetina no extrato da casca da cebola roxa foi determinada por cromatografia a gás acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC_MS), já a atividade antioxidante foi avaliada através dos métodos de sequestro de radical livre (DPPH e ABTS) e poder de redução do ferro (FRAP). O extrato da casca da cebola roxa apresentou elevado teor de compostos fenólicos totais (204,49 mg EAG/g), flavonoides totais (86,04 mg EAG/g), resveratrol (451,8 µg/mL) e quercetina (324,36 µg/mL). Os valores de capacidade antioxidante em FRAP, ABTS e DPPH foram de 1194,15 (± 107,47), 148,44 (± 18,71) e 1103,77 (± 18,87), respectivamente. Esses resultados mostram que a casca da cebola roxa é rica em polifenóis, podendo ser aproveitadas pela indústria alimentícia e farmacêutica como ingrediente bioativo, contribuindo dessa forma para a sustentabilidade.

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The tongue is a fundamental organ in feeding, vocalization, and grooming. It is characterized by evolutionary adaptations reflected by diet, habitat, and function. Rodents are a very diverse mammalian order and the tongue's morphology varies in size, form, and presence of papillae. This work aimed to describe the morphological and ultrastructural aspects of the tongue of Spix's yellow-toothed cavy (Galea spixii, Wagler, 1831). Tongues of Spix's yellow-toothed cavies were analyzed with light microscopy, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the tongue was divided into apex, body, and root. There were different types of papillae, such as vallate, foliate, laterally placed fungiform, fungiform, filiform, and robust filiform. The epithelium was organized into layers, including keratinized, granulous, spinous, and basal, below were lamina propria, and musculature, which evolved mucous and serous gland clusters. The tongue of Spix's yellow-toothed cavy was structurally and ultrastructurally similar to other rodents and had papillae with similar morphologies to other Caviidae species. However, the presence of robust filiform papillary lines and laterally placed fungiform papillae showed the main differences from other species. This was the first description of the tongue of Spix's yellow-toothed cavy.