In order to explore the consequences of precipitation increase on soil erosion in Uruguay, the monthly Fournier Index (FI) and the annual Modified Fournier Index (MFI) were developed as a preliminary approach, covering consecutive decadal periods from 1931 to 2000. Rainfall data were used from 13 stations distributed all over the country.
Most countries lack effective policies to manage climate risks, despite growing concerns with climate change. The authors analyzed the policy evolution from a disaster management to a risk management approach, using as a case study four agricultural droughts that impacted Uruguay’s livestock sector in the last three decades. A transdisciplinary team of researchers, extension workers, and policy makers agreed on a common conceptual framework for the interpretation of past droughts and policies. The evidence presented shows that the set of actions implemented at different levels when facing droughts were mainly reactive in the past but later evolved to a more integral risk management approach. A greater interinstitutional integration and a decreasing gap between science and policy were identified during the period of study. Social and political learning enabled a vision of proactive management and promoted effective adaptive measures. While the government of Uruguay explicitly incorporated the issue of adaptation to climate change into its agenda, research institutions also fostered the creation of interdisciplinary study groups on this topic, resulting in new stages of learning. The recent changes in public policies, institutional governance, and academic research have contributed to enhance the adaptive capacity of the agricultural sector to climate variability, and in particular to drought. This study confirms the relevance of and need to work within a transdisciplinary framework to effectively address the different social learning dimensions, particularly those concerning the adaptation to global change.
ResumoEste artigo avalia os impactos do FUNDEF e FUNDEB sobre frequência escolar, distorção idade-série e trabalho infantil das crianças expostas a esses recursos durante idade escolar. Estimamos regressões com efeitos-fixos de municípios e coortes com base nos microdados dos Censos de 2000 e 2010, e nos gastos municipais do FINBRA de 1993 a 2010. Considerando municípios com proporção de matrículas na rede municipal igual à mediana, encontramos que um aumento de R$100 per capita nas transferências destes fundos está relacionado a um aumento da probabilidade de uma criança frequentar escola de 0,05 pontos percentuais, e a uma diminuição da distorção idade-série em 0,02 anos. Esses resultados equivalem a efeitos de, respectivamente, 1% e 6,5% de um desvio-padrão nestas variáveis frente a um aumento das transferências líquidas de um desvio-padrão (R$385 per capita). Identificamos ainda que os efeitos são maiores para crianças com perfil socioeconômico mais baixo. Os efeitos sobre trabalho infantil são geralmente próximos de zero. Palavras-ChaveEducação. Gasto público. Fluxo escolar. Trabalho infantil. AbstractThis paper evaluates the impact of FUNDEF and FUNDEB on school enrolment, age to grade distortion and child labor of children exposed to financial resources during their school age. We estimate regressions with fixed effects for municipalities and cohorts using microdata from the 2000 and 2010 Censuses and data on local government spending from FINBRA between 1993 and 2010. For municipalities where the share of students attending local schools is equal to the median, an increase of R$100 per capita in transfers is related to an increase in 0.05 percentage points in school attendance, and to a reduction on age to grade distortion of 0.02 years. These effects are equivalent to 1% and 6.5% of standard deviation, respectively, when ♦ Agradecemos os comentários de Valéria Pero e Fábio Waltenberg que participaram da banca de dissertação que deu origem a este artigo. Agradecemos também a Maíra Franca, Elaine Pazello, Gabriel Ulyssea e Sol Garson.Esta obra está licenciada com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-Não Comercial 4.0 Internacional.
Agriculture faces many challenges to maximize yields while it is required to operate in an environmentally sustainable manner. In the present study, we analyze the major agricultural challenges identified by European farmers (primarily related to biotic stresses) in 13 countries, namely Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, UK and Turkey, for nine major crops (barley, beet, grapevine, maize, oilseed rape, olive, potato, sunflower and wheat). Most biotic stresses (BSs) are related to fungi or insects, but viral diseases, bacterial diseases and even parasitic plants have an important impact on yield and harvest quality. We examine how these challenges have been addressed by public and private research sectors, using either conventional breeding, marker-assisted selection, transgenesis, cisgenesis, RNAi technology or mutagenesis. Both national surveys and scientific literature analysis followed by text mining were employed to evaluate genetic engineering (GE) and non-GE approaches. This is the first report of text mining of the scientific literature on plant breeding and agricultural biotechnology research. For the nine major crops in Europe, 128 BS challenges were identified with 40% of these addressed neither in the scientific literature nor in recent European public research programs. We found evidence that the private sector was addressing only a few of these "neglected" challenges. Consequently, there are considerable gaps between farmer's needs and current breeding and biotechnology research. We also provide evidence that the current political situation in certain European countries is an impediment to GE research in order to address these agricultural challenges in the future. This study should also contribute to the decision-making process on future pertinent international consortia to fill the identified research gaps.
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