Traits are basically mixins or interfaces but with method bodies. In languages that support traits, classes are composed out of traits. There are two main advantages with traits. Firstly, decomposing existing classes into traits from which they can be recomposed improves the factoring of hierarchies. Secondly it increases the library reuse potential by providing more reusable traits. Identifying traits and decomposing class hierarchies into traits is therefore an important and challenging task to facilitate maintainability and evolution. In this paper we present how we use Formal Concept Analysis to identify traits in inheritance hierarchies. Our approach is two-staged: first we identify within a hierarchy maximal groups of methods that have a set of classes in common, second we cluster cohesive groups of methods based on method invocations as potential traits. We applied our approach on two significant hierarchies and compare our results with the manual refactorization of the same code which was done by the authors of traits.
The identification of proteins present on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells as well as of free merozoites has been widely considered as one of the main areas of research in the development of an antimalarial vaccine due to their involvement in the parasite's pathogenesis and invasion mechanisms. Major advances had been accomplished in this area thanks to the analysis of the reported genomic sequence of P. falciparum, allowing for the identification of genes encoding for putative integral membrane proteins. This study reports for the first time the transcription of the MAL8P1.3 gene, which codifies for a 25-kDa integral membrane protein of P. falciparum (FCB-2 strain), namely, Pf25-IMP. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays using goat polyclonal sera indicate that this protein is expressed in erythrocytic asexual blood stages. A highly robust, sensible, and specific receptor-ligand interaction assay allowed identification of two high activity binding peptides (HABPs) ). Both HABPs bound with high affinity to human red blood cells (RBCs), and such binding was susceptible to enzyme treatment with trypsin. A common RBC surface receptor of apparently 48 kDa was found for both HABPs, plus an additional 31-kDa receptor for HABP 30577. HABP 30577 inhibited merozoite invasion in vitro by 73%, while HABP 30583 showed a 59% inhibition at 200 mM concentration. The data suggest a possible role of Pf25-IMP in merozoite invasion to RBCs and support its inclusion in further immunological studies for evaluating its potential as vaccine candidates.
Abstract. Component-based software development is becoming mainstream for conventional applications. However, components can be difficult to deploy in embedded systems because of non-functional requirements. P ECOS is a collaborative project between industrial and research partners that seeks to enable component-based technology for a class of embedded systems known as "field devices". In this paper we introduce a component model for field devices that captures a range of non-functional properties and constraints. We report on the current status of P ECOS , including the P ECOS composition language, language mappings to Java and C++, and industrial case studies.
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