Resumo -O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o comportamento do feijão-caupi (Vigna ungüiculata (L.) Walp.) cv. BRS Novaera sob quatro lâminas de água (273; 257; 241 e 187 mm) e doses de fósforo (0; 70; 140; 210 kg ha -1 de P 2 O 5 , aplicados na forma de superfosfato triplo), em Boa Vista, Roraima. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pelas lâminas de água e as sub parcelas pelas doses de fósforo, resultando em 16 tratamentos. A irrigação foi realizada por um sistema convencional de aspersão, montado no campo segundo o sistema de "aspersão em linha". As massas seca da parte aérea e de 100 grãos foram influenciadas significativamente pela interação entre lâminas de água e doses de fósforo, enquanto o número de grãos por vagem e o comprimento da vagem foram influenciados somente pelas doses de fósforo. A dose de máxima eficiência econômica foi de 89,45 kg de P 2 O 5 , com produtividade de 1.306 kg ha -1 . Palavras-chave -Vigna ungüiculata. Manejo da irrigação. Amazônia.Abstract -This work was carried out to evaluate the effect of irrigation depth and phosphate fertilizer (0; 70; 140; 210 kg ha -1 de P 2 O 5 ) on yield and production components of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) cv. Novaera at the Savanna of Roraima, Brazil. The experimental design was arranged in a completely randomized block in split-plot and four replications. Irrigation depths were applied through a sprinkler line source system. The principal treatments constituted on the depths of irrigation and the secondary treatments by the phosphate fertilizer. Significant effects (p < 0.05) of the depth of irrigation and phosphate fertilizer interaction with aerial mass production and mass of 100 grains were observed. The number of grains per pods and size of pod were affected by the phosphate fertilizer only. The highest economical yield (1,306 kg ha -1 ) was obtained by 89.45 kg of P 2 O 5.
Tomato rooting patterns were evaluated in a 2-year field trial where surface drip irrigation (R0) was compared with subsurface drip irrigation at 20 cm (RI) and 40 cm (RII) depths. Pot-transplanted plants of two processing tomato, 'Brigade' (C1) and 'H3044' (C2), were used. The behaviour of the root system in response to different irrigation treatments was evaluated through minirhizotrons installed between two plants, in proximity of the plant row. Root length intensity (L a ), length of root per unit of minirhizotron surface area (cm cm −2 ) was measured at blooming stage and at harvest. For all sampling dates the depth of the drip irrigation tube, the cultivar and the interaction between treatments did not significantly influence L a . However differences between irrigation treatments were observed as root distribution along the soil profile and a large concentration of roots at the depth of the irrigation tubes was found. For both surface and subsurface drip irrigation and for both cultivars most of the root system was concentrated in the top 40 cm of the soil profile, where root length density ranged between 0.5 and 1.5 cm cm −3 . Commercial yields (t ha −1 ) were 87.6 and 114.2 (R0), 107.5 and 128.1 (RI), 105.0 and 124.8 (RII), for 1997 and 1998, respectively. Differences between the 2 years may be attributed to different climatic conditions. In the second year, although no significant differences were found among treatments, slightly higher values were observed with irrigation tubes at 20 cm depth. Fruit quality was not significantly affected by treatments or by the interaction between irrigation tube depth and cultivar.
Abstract:The rational use of water is essentual as it is a finite resource. Consequerntly, studies of methids that minimize water use water are essential. As a result, agricultural hydrogels have been extensively tested in as a means of promoting agriculture improvements because of their water-and nutriente-retention characteristics. However, even though hydrogels are used in several sectors of Brazilian agriculture, there are still very few studies on their applications, the best methods and the quantities to be used. Consequently, there is a need for research into the applicability of this technology in Brazil, so that future research needs can be identified and appropriate decisions made at the production level. Therefore, the aim of this study was to collate currently available information on the applicability of agricultural hydrogels in Brazilian agriculture. Over the last decade, forestry is the sector in Brazil that has most studied and used hydrogels, but others such as fruit-and coffeegrowing have also been involved. The method of applying the polymer in granules directly mixed-in with growth substrates is the most used in the production of seedlings. However, use of hydrated gel at planting sites has also been explored. While synthetic hydrogels are most commonly used, those made of natural materials have great potential due to the low preparation costs and their in-soil biodegradability. The quantities of hydrogel used vary according to the target species, application method and objective.Key words: Water sustainable use. Hydro absorvent polymer. Application. Agricultural cultures.Resumo: A utilização racional da água faz-se necessária uma vez que esse recurso é finito, assim, estudos sobre a produção e minimização do uso da água são essenciais. A partir disso, os hidrogéis agrícolas vêm sendo amplamente testados na agricultura por promoverem benfeitorias às plantas pelas suas características de retenção de água e nutrientes. No entanto, mesmo sendo utilizados em diversos ramos da agricultura brasileira, estudos quanto aos métodos de aplicação e às quantidades utilizadas ainda são escassos, justificando a necessidade de pesquisas que elucidem a aplicabilidade dessa tecnologia, para assim gerar informações que sustentem decisões precisas no nível produtivo e experimental. Portanto, objetivou-se com este trabalho compilar as principais informações atuais quanto à aplicabilidade dos hidrogéis agrícolas na agricultura brasileira. A silvicultura é o setor que mais vem estudando e utilizando o uso dos polímeros hidrorretentores nos últimos 10 anos no Brasil, porém, setores como a fruticultura e a cafeicultura também vêm se destacando. O método de aplicação do polímero em grânulos em mistura direta com substratos é o mais utilizado na produção de mudas, todavia, a utilização do gel hidratado no local de plantio apresenta-se como uma alternativa promissora à agricultura brasileira. Os hidrogéis sintéticos são os mais utilizados, no entanto, os constituídos por materiais naturais têm grande potencial em funçã...
Tomato rooting patterns were evaluated in a 2-year field trial where surface drip irrigation (R0) was compared with subsurface drip irrigation at 20 cm (RI) and 40 cm (RII) depths. Pot-transplanted plants of two processing tomato, 'Brigade' (C1) and 'H3044' (C2), were used. The behaviour of the root system in response to different irrigation treatments was evaluated through minirhizotrons installed between two plants, in proximity of the plant row. Root length intensity (L a ), length of root per unit of minirhizotron surface area (cm cm −2 ) was measured at blooming stage and at harvest. For all sampling dates the depth of the drip irrigation tube, the cultivar and the interaction between treatments did not significantly influence L a . However differences between irrigation treatments were observed as root distribution along the soil profile and a large concentration of roots at the depth of the irrigation tubes was found. For both surface and subsurface drip irrigation and for both cultivars most of the root system was concentrated in the top 40 cm of the soil profile, where root length density ranged between 0.5 and 1.5 cm cm −3 . Commercial yields (t ha −1 ) were 87.6 and 114.2 (R0), 107.5 and 128.1 (RI), 105.0 and 124.8 (RII), for 1997 and 1998, respectively. Differences between the 2 years may be attributed to different climatic conditions. In the second year, although no significant differences were found among treatments, slightly higher values were observed with irrigation tubes at 20 cm depth. Fruit quality was not significantly affected by treatments or by the interaction between irrigation tube depth and cultivar.
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