"The tumultuous 1960s brought a multitude of inter- and intrastatal conflicts in international relations. Some of them derived from extinguished disputes as a subsequent effect of the decolonisation, while others were motivated by the aggressive intentions of states to conquer other states. An example was the Yemeni Civil War (1962–1970) which came in the spotlight of the international community because two neighbours countries, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Republic involved in the internal fight. The external involvement motivated and set the scene for the United Nations Organization to intervene and mobilise a peacekeeping operation which had to observe the withdrawal of the third parties and eventually facilitate the peace process. The study aims to analyze the UN peacekeeping mechanism, which is seen as a compromise created by the bipolarization of the international system that prevented the organization from fulfilling its task of keeping the international peace. Through the case study on the Yemeni peacekeeping operation which operated from 1963 to 1964, one could learn about how UN functioned during the Cold War years, what were the underlining processes supporting the authorization process of such an operation, about the contribution of the Secretary General to the functioning of the peacekeeping mechanism and lastly how the events in Yemen underlined the impact that the interests of involved actors had on the fulfillment of the given mandate of the UN operations."
Throughout the seventh decade of the sixteenth century, the border regions located in north-western Transylvania were disputed between Ferdinand of Habsburg and John Sigismund Szapolyai. The actual stake of this conflict was, in fact, the Crown of St. Stephen, claimed by both dynasties, as 'true heirs' of the medieval kings of Hungary. Despite being already treated by the Hungarian and Romanian historiographies, there is also a lesser-known aspect of these conflicts: the involvement of the Transylvanian Saxons in John Sigismund Szapolyai's war efforts in the Partes Hungariae. The unpublished and underused account books of the Transylvanian-Saxon University and those of Sibiu and the Seven Seats dating from the mentioned period reveal exciting data on the topic, which I aim to analyze in the present paper. According to these sources, the Transylvanian-Saxon University hired infantry handgunners, also known as trabanten, who participated in the north-western campaigns of John Sigismund Szapolyai between 1561 and 1568. This analysis is also an excellent opportunity to emphasize the transformations that the military organization of the Transylvanian Saxons went through by the mid-sixteenth century.
The end of the Cold War was for the international system, and particularly to the United Nations, an opportunity to make use of all the prerogatives found in the UN Charter to protect and secure international peace and security on the globe. The change of the international system also had an impact over the peacekeeping mechanism, created and developed by the UN during the Cold War, to watch over and protect the peace. The 90s were also seen as a great opportunity for the international organization to accomplish its purpose of preventing future generations from the scourge of war. During this period, peacekeeping and its principles suffered a series of modifications which would later have an important role in the operations authorized in the middle of 1990s. The present paper’s purpose is to analyze these metamorphoses and present how they evolved from 1988 to 1992, to understand why these years were important for the formulation of the new peacekeeping mechanism and present the basis on which the operations were authorized starting with 1993. The study is divided into four different chapters. The first will present the methodology used to address the problem. The second will offer a definition of peacekeeping and of its principles, whereas the third will examine the metamorphoses suffered because of the change of the international system. The final chapter will put forward the conclusions and will present prospects of analysis on the topic.
The main objective of this paper is to bring forward a subject that was long neglected by the Romanian historiography and Slavic studies: the military importance of the contingents of Bohemian mercenaries within the army of John Hunyadi, and the extensive usage of the Wagenburg and the Hussite war wagons as part of the improvements of the armed forces in the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary. These changes were made by John Hunyadi during the first half of the fifteenth century, in relation to the tactical and strategic necessities imposed by the wars fought against the Turks. My approach of the topic sheds light on the ability of John Hunyadi to use the offensive, defensive, and logistical potential of this rudimentary but extremely versatile and efficient war machine, and points out at the fact that the Kingdom of Hungary was, at that time, up to date with the fourteenth-and fifteenth-century military technologies. In addition, this paper explores a variety of Christian and Ottoman sources and compares these narratives in regard to the subject. The current Romanian historiography has failed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Hussite-style war wagons, and thus the relevance of this paper is linked to broadening the perspective on the matter.
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