Over the years, the co-inoculation of Trichoderma and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with different types of fertiliser in a field condition has been understudied. This study explores the potential of Trichoderma and AMF mixture (T-AMF) with different types of fertiliser for plant growth with the objectives to: (i) analyse the growth of Durio zibethinus and Artocarpus heterophyllus fertilised with different types of fertiliser and inoculated with T-AMF and (ii) determine the optimal combination of organic and chemical fertiliser with T-AMF. A randomized complete block design was applied using seven treatments namely, 50 g organic fertiliser (OF) + T-AMF, 100 g OF + T-AMF, 50 g chemical fertiliser (CF) + T-AMF, 100 g CF + T-AMF, 100 g OF, 100 g CF, and control (without fertiliser and T-AMF). The growth analysis of D. zibethinus showed the highest mean height was at 100 g OF with T-AMF, stem diameter at 100 g CF with T-AMF, and the number of leaves at 50 g CF with T-AMF. For A. heterophyllus, the highest mean height and stem diameter was at 50 g OF with T-AMF and the number of leaves at 100 g OF with T-AMF. The optimal combination of fertiliser with T-AMF for D. zibethinus’ height was 100 g OF and number of leaves was 50 g CF. The optimal combination of fertiliser with T-AMF for A. heterophyllus’ height and stem diameter was 50 g OF. The optimal combination for its number of leaves was 100 g OF with T-AMF. This concludes that the application of fertiliser with T-AMF reacted differently to plant species and their growth parameters. The co-inoculation of Trichoderma and AMF may present a cheaper and sustainable alternative, especially when the planting scale is huge.
The intensive development of agricultural activities can be a major threat to the extinction of fish fauna in the tropical headwater streams of Borneo Island. Insufficient information on the influence of multiple land-use on fish communities can lead to failure in preserving ecological buffer zones along stream channels and the loss of aquatic biodiversity. We investigated fish communities of tropical headwater streams in Bau District of Sarawak State that flow through different types of land-uses. It is hypothesised that multiple land-use influent fish diversity and abundance. Fish were sampled at three headwater streams, Sg Bu’un, Sg Dian and Sg Sibomou of Sarawak Kanan River that have multiple land use in the catchment areas. The assessment of land use activities and fish sampling were done once in dry and rainy months. The assessment of land use showed that the distribution of agricultural activities is not consistent across the water catchments of the three headwater streams, which among others could be depending on soil fertility and the interests of the farmers. Oil palm plantation was the major agricultural activity in the catchment of headwater streams. The aboveground biomass varied with the type of land use, size of coverage, and age of the forest or plantation. The fish fauna of the three headwater streams was represented by 25 species in ten families and six orders, which was dominated by the family Cyprinidae. The cyprinids made up 17% of the total individuals with three dominant species are Barbodes sealei, Rasbora cryptica and Oxygaster anomalura. The diversity index of Shannon was significantly different among the three headwater streams. The headwater streams with high coverage of oil palm plantations showed significantly low species richness and high number of individuals. Fish richness and abundance in dry season were significantly lower than rainy season. The less sensitive species such as Systomus rubripinnis, Barbodes sealei, Rasbora cryptica,and Parachela oxygastroides were dominant in three headwater streams in both wet and dry months. The findings of this study may suggest that the width of buffer zone along stream channel could be estimated by integrating size of the major land use in the catchment, precipitation, and management practices of each type of land-use.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.