Historic concrete buildings are at risk. Limited knowledge of concrete technology until the 1960s led to more sensitive buildings than modern concrete buildings. In addition, the lack of sensibility regarding their heritage value and insufficient protection is leading to remorseless demolition. Still, concrete has proved to be a resilient material that can last over a century with proper care. There is not yet an estimation of the status of historic concrete buildings in Europe. Until now, a few attempts have been done to secondarily, and subjectively, gauge their conservation status. This paper is the result of a joint investigation studying forty-eight historic concrete buildings distributed in four countries. They were surveyed by expert teams according to a predefined methodology. The study aims to identify recurrent damages and parameters affecting the conservation state. It also aims to serve as the first trial for an objective and measurable methodology, to apply it with a statistically significant number of cases. Damages related to the corrosion of reinforcement and moisture-related processes were the most recurrent. The use of plasters, flat roofs, and structural façade walls show a positive effect in protecting the concrete. The state of conservation has a great variability across countries.

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<p>La ciudad de Nueva York reúne una de las mayores concentraciones de edificios históricos construidos entre 1850y 1940 en el mundo, siendo un enclave único del pabimonio arquitectónico moderno. Estos edificios. muchos de ellos de gran altura, se realizaron con diseños, materiales y técnicas actualmente en desuso. El papel del ingeniero restaurador combina el conocimiento de las estructuras y edificios históricos con las técnicas modernas de análisis y diseño estructural, con el fin de mantener, adaptar y restaurar de la manera más respetuosa y eficiente posible los edificios que constituyen el alma de la ciudad de Nueva York. El presente artículo expone el trabajo del ingeniero restaurador en la ciudad de Nueva York con una introducción sobre la tipología de edificios históricos más comunes, así como una breve presentación de los proyectos de restauración, agentes participantes, objetivos, financiación, etc. Por último se exponen dos casos de estudio.</p>

<p>Las técnicas no destructivas de reconocimiento y evaluación son una herramienta ampliamente utilizada en la conservación de patrimonio arquitectónico en los Estados Unidos. En el presente artículo se exponen las más utilizadas clasificándolas en técnicas de reconocimiento visual y técnicas basadas en la propagación de ondas. Dependiendo del tipo de onda, estas últimas a su vez se subdividen en técnicas electromagnéticas y técnicas acústicas. En el último apartado se exponen dos facilitadores de las técnicas de reconocimiento y evaluación: los vehículos no tripulados y Tablet PC Annotation System.</p>

INTRODUCCIÓNTurboleta, Turiolis, Tirwal 2 …Teruel. Existen indicios de asentamiento humano donde se ubica la actual Teruel ya en época Íbera; se trataba de un núcleo de poca entidad hasta la fundación de la ciudad por Alfonso II en 1177. A 915 metros de altitud, la ciudad se encuentra en posición estratégica en las comunicaciones entre el litoral mediterrá-neo y el interior de la Península Ibérica. ResumenDatada entre finales del siglo XII y comienzos del XIII, la Catedral de Teruel es un edificio complejo cuyo destacado tesoro es la techumbre mudéjar que cubre la nave central, declarada Patrimonio Mundial en 1986 por la UNESCO 1 . De esta magnífica obra de madera policromada se desconocen aspectos tan elementales como quién la construyó, cuándo, cómo y qué representa. Son muchas las teorías que pretenden dilucidar tales incertidumbres y poca la documentación histórica de que se dispone. Durante los años 2008 y 2009, se acometió una restauración que dejó al descubierto parte de la armadura de la cubierta y de los muros que la sustentan. Aprovechando la eliminación temporal de los revestimientos exteriores, se desarrolló un extenso trabajo de análisis estratigráfico y constructivo de los muros de la nave central y de su encuentro con la armadura. Dicho trabajo arroja resultados en torno a las intervenciones llevadas a cabo durante la vida del templo. Del mismo modo, se aportan evidencias que suponen un importante avance en el conocimiento de la fisonomía de la iglesia en sus primeras etapas.Palabras clave: Tapia de yeso, estratigrafía muraria, arquitectura mudéjar, policromía mudéjar, armadura de madera, fotogrametría, proceso histórico-constructivo. AbstractDated to late 12th and early 13th centuries, the Cathedral of Teruel is a complex building whose greatest treasure is the Mudejar roof that covers the central space, declared World Heritage by UNESCO in 1986. There are some basic unknown facts about this roof, such as who built it, how, when or what it represents. There are many theories that attempt to clarify these uncertainties, but there is not much historical documentation available. During the years 2008 and 2009, a restoration of the church was conducted and part of the roof and walls remained uncovered for a short period of time. Using that temporal and unique chance, a wide stratigraphical and building analysis of the central nave walls and their joints with the roof was carried out. Thanks to this work, some important results have been discovered concerning the modifications suffered by the building. At the same time, other evidences help to further going within the knowledge of the form of the church at its earliest stages.

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Historic concrete buildings (end of 19th century -1960s), because of their "experimental" character, require a specific approach to both survey and conservation. Although they were built with empirical approaches, some buildings show a fair state of conservation and resilience -even though they have already exceeded the 100-year threshold-while others of comparable age are in severe need of restoration.As part of the European project CONSECH20, aimed at contributing to the conservation of cultural-heritage concrete buildings, this paper investigates what are the most common types of damage and hypothetical causes, and what direct and non-direct parameters can lead to a faster or slower deterioration of historic concrete in the Netherlands. The research is based on an initial screening study, which will be used as a basis for a larger research among the participant countries.The current research is divided in three phases. Firstly, a selection of 15 case studies from the Netherlands are investigated; the selection was based on criteria of age, state of conservation and type of ownership. Secondly, the history and materials of the buildings are examined. Thirdly, an on-site visual survey is performed per each building, with predesign templates, to identify types of damage, extent and severity. The data is then analysed combining different factors with a calculated index of severity. Results are discussed and contrasted to provide further clarification of the degradation of historic concrete. A fourth phase, not discussed in this paper, will use this methodology in a broader context, with a larger number of case studies in different countries.The results indicate that the majority of types of damage are related to corrosion, being the hypothetical cause carbonation-induced corrosion. The outcomes of the investigation point out that the factors with a higher impact on the durability are the environment, the use and maintenance of the buildings, the existence of a sacrificial plaster in exposed elements, and the type of ownership.Considering the limited number of buildings, the conclusions presented in this paper will be further contrasted with a larger number of case studies.

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