In mammals, hair cell loss causes irreversible hearing and balance impairment because hair cells are terminally differentiated and do not regenerate spontaneously. By profiling gene expression in developing mouse vestibular organs, we identified the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) as a candidate regulator of cell cycle exit in hair cells. Differentiated and functional mouse hair cells with a targeted deletion of Rb1 undergo mitosis, divide, and cycle, yet continue to become highly differentiated and functional. Moreover, acute loss of Rb1 in postnatal hair cells caused cell cycle reentry. Manipulation of the pRb pathway may ultimately lead to mammalian hair cell regeneration.

The molecular basis for the inverse relationship between differentiation and tumorigenesis is unknown. The function of runx2, a master regulator of osteoblast differentiation belonging to the runt family of tumor suppressor genes, is consistently disrupted in osteosarcoma cell lines. Ectopic expression of runx2 induces p27KIP1, thereby inhibiting the activity of S-phase cyclin complexes and leading to the dephosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRb) and a G1 cell cycle arrest. Runx2 physically interacts with the hypophosphorylated form of pRb, a known coactivator of runx2, thereby completing a feed-forward loop in which progressive cell cycle exit promotes increased expression of the osteoblast phenotype. Loss of p27KIP1 perturbs transient and terminal cell cycle exit in osteoblasts. Consistent with the incompatibility of malignant transformation and permanent cell cycle exit, loss of p27KIP1 expression correlates with dedifferentiation in high-grade human osteosarcomas. Physiologic coupling of osteoblast differentiation to cell cycle withdrawal is mediated through runx2 and p27KIP1, and these processes are disrupted in osteosarcoma.

Studies in animals and human volunteers demonstrate that antibodies against the repeat-region of the Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein (CSP) abrogate sporozoite infection. However, the realization that the N- and C- terminal regions flanking the repeats play essential roles in parasite infectivity raised the possibility that they could be targeted by protective antibodies. We characterized a monoclonal antibody (mAb5D5) specific for the N-terminus of the P. falciparum CSP, which inhibits the proteolytic cleavage of the CSP, a key requirement for parasite infection of hepatocytes. Adoptive transfer of mAb5D5 strongly inhibits the in vivo infection of sporozoites expressing the N-terminus of P. falciparum CSP, and this protection is greatly enhanced when combined with antirepeat antibodies. Our results show that antibodies interfering with molecular processes required for parasite infectivity can exert a strong in vivo protective activity and indicate that pre-erythrocytic vaccines against Plasmodium should include the CSP N-terminal region.

BackgroundThe Plasmodium falciparum protein RH5 is an adhesin molecule essential for parasite invasion of erythrocytes. Recent studies show that anti-PfRH5 sera have potent invasion-inhibiting activities, supporting the idea that the PfRH5 antigen could form the basis of a vaccine. Therefore, epitopes recognized by neutralizing anti-PfRH5 antibodies could themselves be effective vaccine immunogens if presented in a sufficiently immunogenic fashion. However, the exact regions within PfRH5 that are targets of this invasion-inhibitory activity have yet to be identified.MethodsA battery of anti-RH5 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced and screened for their potency by inhibition of invasion assays in vitro. Using an anti-RH5 mAb that completely inhibited invasion as the selecting mAb, affinity-selection using random sequence peptide libraries displayed on virus-like particles of bacteriophage MS2 (MS2 VLPs) was performed. VLPs were sequenced to identify the specific peptide epitopes they encoded and used to raise specific antisera that was in turn tested for inhibition of invasion.ResultsThree anti-RH5 monoclonals (0.1 mg/mL) were able to inhibit invasion in vitro by >95%. Affinity-selection with one of these mAbs yielded a VLP which yielded a peptide whose sequence is identical to a portion of PfRH5 itself. The VLP displaying the peptide binds strongly to the antibody, and in immunized animals elicits an anti-PfRH5 antibody response. The resulting antisera against the specific VLP inhibit parasite invasion of erythrocytes more than 90% in vitro.ConclusionsHere, data is presented from an anti-PfRH5 mAb that completely inhibits erythrocyte invasion by parasites in vitro, one of the few anti-malarial monoclonal antibodies reported to date that completely inhibits invasion with such potency, adding to other studies that highlight the potential of PfRH5 as a vaccine antigen. The specific neutralization sensitive epitope within RH5 has been identified, and antibodies against this epitope also elicit high anti-invasion activity, suggesting this epitope could form the basis of an effective vaccine against malaria.

We have previously shown that the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) can activate expression of Runx2-dependent, bone-specific genes in cultured cells. We now show that pRb also plays a role early in osteogenesis, and that in primary RB1 ؊/؊ calvarial cells there is an increased osteoprogenitor pool. To understand pRb's function in vivo, we generated a conditional RB1-KO mouse in which pRb expression is efficiently extinguished in osteoblasts. These animals display an apparent developmental defect in bones, most strikingly in the calvaria. Cultured RB1 ؊/؊ calvarial osteoblasts fail to cease proliferation upon reaching confluence or following differentiation. Re-plating assays of primary RB1 ؊/؊ calvarial cells after differentiation showed a clear adipogenic ability with increased multipotency. RB1 ؊/؊ osteoblasts display a severe reduction in levels of mRNAs expressed late in differentiation. In this study, we present strong evidence that pRb has multiple regulatory roles in osteogenesis. Furthermore, in the absence of RB1 ؊/؊ there is a larger pool of multipotent cells compared with the WT counterpart. This increased pool of osteoprogenitor cells may be susceptible to additional transforming events leading to osteosarcoma, and is therefore key to understanding RB1 as a target in malignancy.differentiation ͉ retinoblastoma protein ͉ osteoprogenitors

Recent studies have shown that immune responses against the cell-traversal protein for Plasmodium ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS) can inhibit parasite infection. While these studies provide important evidence toward the development of vaccines targeting this protein, it remains unknown whether these responses could engage the Plasmodium falciparum CelTOS in vivo. Using a newly developed rodent malaria chimeric parasite expressing the P. falciparum CelTOS (PfCelTOS), we evaluated the protective effect of in vivo immune responses elicited by vaccination and assessed the neutralizing capacity of monoclonal antibodies specific against PfCelTOS. Mice immunized with recombinant P. falciparum CelTOS in combination with the glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant-stable emulsion (GLA-SE) or glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant-liposome-QS21 (GLA-LSQ) adjuvant system significantly inhibited sporozoite hepatocyte infection. Notably, monoclonal antibodies against PfCelTOS strongly inhibited oocyst development of P. falciparum and Plasmodium berghei expressing PfCelTOS in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Taken together, our results demonstrate that anti-CelTOS responses elicited by vaccination or passive immunization can inhibit sporozoite and ookinete infection and impair vector transmission.

The retinoblastoma protein, pRb, can activate the transcription factor RUNX2, an essential regulator of osteogenic differentiation, but the mechanism of this activation is unknown. Here we studied the interaction of pRb and RUNX2 with HES1, previously reported to augment RUNX2 activity. PRb can act to promote RUNX2/HES1 association with concomitant promoter occupancy and transcriptional activation in bone cells.Introduction: RUNX2 (also known as OSF2/CBFA1) is a transcription factor required for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. We have reported that RUNX2 can associate with the retinoblastoma protein pRb, a common tumor suppressor in bone, and the resultant complex can bind and activate transcription from bone-specific promoters. This activity of the pRb/RUNX2 complex may thus link differentiation control with tumor suppressor activity. However, the mechanism through which pRb can activate RUNX2 is unknown. HES1 is a reported co-activator of RUNX2 that shares a binding site on RUNX2 with pRb. Thus, we have tested the cooperativity among these factors in activating transcription from bone specific promoters. Materials and Methods: Coimmunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and EMSA experiments were used to study the interaction of RUNX2, HES1, and pRb in cell lysates and on DNA. Transcriptional reporter assays were used to analyze the activity of RUNX2 in the presence and absence of HES1 and pRb. Results: We showed that pRb can associate with HES1, a previously described RUNX2 interactor that can itself augment RUNX2-dependent transcription. The association of HES1 with RUNX2 is augmented by pRb. Furthermore, both pRb and HES1 increase the amount of RUNX2 bound to promoter sites in vivo, pRb and HES1 synergistically activate a RUNX2-dependent reporter gene, and depletion of HES1 reduces RUNX2/ pRb activity. Conclusions: These data indicate that pRb acts as a RUNX2 co-activator at least in part by recruiting HES1 into the pRb/RUNX2 complex and further elucidate a novel role for pRb as a transcriptional co-activator in osteogenesis.

Monoamine neurotransmitters are stored in both synaptic vesicles (SVs), which are required for release at the synapse, and large dense-core vesicles(LDCVs),whichmediateextrasynapticrelease.Thecontributionsofeachtypeofvesicularreleasetospecificbehaviorsarenotknown.To address this issue, we generated mutations in the C-terminal trafficking domain of the Drosophila vesicular monoamine transporter (DVMAT), which is required for the vesicular storage of monoamines in both SVs and LDCVs. Deletion of the terminal 23 aa (DVMAT-⌬3) reduced the rate of endocytosis and localization of DVMAT to SVs, but supported localization to LDCVs. An alanine substitution mutation in a tyrosine-based motif (DVMAT-Y600A) also reduced sorting to SVs and showed an endocytic deficit specific to aminergic nerve terminals. Redistribution of DVMAT-Y600A from SV to LDCV fractions was also enhanced in aminergic neurons. To determine how these changes might affect behavior, we expressed DVMAT-⌬3 and DVMAT-Y600A in a dVMAT null genetic background that lacks endogenous dVMAT activity. When expressed ubiquitously, DVMAT-⌬3 showed a specific deficit in female fertility, whereas DVMAT-Y600A rescued behavior similarly to DVMAT-wt. In contrast, when expressed more specifically in octopaminergic neurons, both DVMAT-⌬3 and DVMAT-Y600A failed to rescue female fertility, and DVMAT-Y600A showed deficits in larval locomotion. DVMAT-Y600A also showed more severe dominant effects than either DVMAT-wt or DVMAT-⌬3. We propose that these behavioral deficits result from the redistribution of DVMAT from SVs to LDCVs. By extension, our data suggest that the balance of amine release from SVs versus that from LDCVs is critical for the function of some aminergic circuits.