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Purpose Although liver transplantation (LT) outcomes have improved significantly over the last decades, early post-transplant vascular complications are still associated with an elevated risk of graft failure. Doppler ultrasound (DUS) enables detection of vascular complications and provides hepatic artery Resistive Index (RI). The aim of our study was to evaluate the association of the RI parameters of DUS performed in the first post-transplant week with post-transplant outcomes. Methods All consecutive patients undergoing a first LT between 2001 and 2019 at a single center were included. P were divided into three groups: RI < 0.55, RI 0.55–0.85 and RI > 0.85. Patients were also divided according to the presence or absence of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT). Graft survival was compared among groups. Results Three hundred and forty-four patients were included. HAT occurred in 23 patients (6.7%), of which 7 were partial and 16 were complete. Biliary complications were more common in patients with HAT (11 [47.8%]) vs. 44 [13.4%] [p < 0.001]). There was no statistically significant difference in graft survival between patients with and without HAT. Patients with RI < 0.55 on post-operative day 1 had worse graft survival compared to patients with RI 0.55–0.85 and RI > 0.85. RI on post-operative day 3 and 5 was not predictive of graft survival. Conclusions The use of DUS on liver transplant recipients in the early post-transplant period offers the possibility of early diagnosis of vascular complications. Additionally, according to our data, low RI (< 0.55) on the first postoperative day also provides prognostic information regarding graft-survival.