To assess the outcome and risk factors for failure of pneumatic retinopexy (PR) in eyes with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).Methods: Data of patients who underwent PR for the repair of primary RRD, from January 1, 2000, through June 30, 2011, were retrieved from medical records and retrospectively analyzed. Patients with a follow-up time of less than 4 months were contacted and invited for examination. Patients with less than 2 months of follow-up were excluded. Successful cases (attached retina at 2 months after the PR) were compared with failures. A subgroup analysis was performed comparing successful and failed cases of RRD that were reattached with only 1 additional operation.Results: Two hundred seventy-six eyes (271 patients) underwent PR during the study period, of which 258 eyes (93.5%) were included in the study. Mean (SD) fol-low-up time was 36.1 (39.4) months; only 23 eyes (8.9%) had a follow-up of less than 4 months. Successful reattachment at 2 months was achieved in 171 eyes (66.3%). Sixty-seven eyes (77.0% of the failed cases) were reattached with only 1 additional operation and final anatomical success was achieved in 256 eyes (99.2%). Successful cases had significantly better final vision (P=.002) and fewer postoperative complications (PՅ.026). However, nonsignificant differences were found between the primary failure PR cases that underwent only 1 additional operation and the successful cases (P Ն.073).Conclusions: Pneumatic retinopexy is a good surgical option for primary RRD. Most cases of primary failure are reattached with 1 additional procedure and have excellent final vision.

Mesopic foveal CS is impaired in diabetic patients despite good visual acuity, a normal fundus examination and normal OCT. Early central visual function impairment may occur in diabetic patients before the appearance of retinopathy.

Cholelithiasis in infants hospitalized for a variety of common pediatric conditions is not rare. Dehydration and treatment with third-generation cephalosporins are important associated factors. The classic risk factors of hemolysis and previous gastrointestinal surgery, were not found in our group. The overall prognosis was good. Pseudolithiasis disappeared in all infants. Of the 21 infants with cholelithiasis, only two developed cholecystitis. In nine infants, spontaneous resolution occurred. In the absence of other clinical or imaging evidence of biliary tract disease, conservative management is advised.

Switching to ranibizumab should be considered in patients with visual acuity decrease or CRT increase, despite monthly bevacizumab injections. The response should be evaluated after the first three injections to guide future treatment.