The aim of this work was to characterize the major and minor compounds of laboratory-extracted and commercial oils from sweet almond, hazelnut, and pecan nut. Oils from sweet almond, hazelnut, and pecan nut were obtained by means of an expeller system, while the corresponding commercial oils were provided from VitalÂtman (BR). The contents of triacylglycerols, fatty acids, aliphatic and terpenic alcohols, desmethyl-, methyl-, and dimethylsterols, squalene, and tocopherols were determined. Oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids were the main fatty acids. Desmethylsterols were the principal minor compounds with -sitosterol being the most abundant component. Low amounts of aliphatic and terpenic alcohols were also found. The major tocopherol in hazelnut and sweet almond oils was -tocopherol, whereas -tocopherol prevailed in pecan nut oil. Principal component analysis made it possible for us to differentiate among samples, as well as to distinguish between commercial and laboratory-extracted oils. Heatmap highlighted the main variables featuring each sample. Globally, these results have brought a new approach on nut oil characterization.
Margarines and spreads contribute greatly to the intake of saturated and trans fats in the diet. Therefore, the objective of this work was to produce margarines using the oleogel technology and to verify the physical, thermal, oxidative, and sensorial properties of this product during six months of shelf life, comparing it with commercial margarine. When compared with commercial margarine, the oleogel margarine showed similar color results. Due to the different structural shape, the results of microstructure and the melting curve were differentiated, but this indicated a structure more resistant to temperature oscillations and an overall softer product. However, the sensorial difference between the samples was easily detected by the consumers, mainly with respect to the parameters of taste, texture, and overall impression. It was concluded that it is possible to produce margarines using the oleogel technology, which display good physical properties, similar shelf life, and improved nutritional characteristics.Keywords Oleogel Á Margarine Á Sensory Á Oxidative stability J Am Oil Chem Soc (2018) 95: 673-685.
Material
Raw MaterialsHOSO was provided by ChemyUnion S.A., Sorocaba, Brazil; interesterified fat (IF) TRI HW LT 2.5 (vegetable fat 674 J Am Oil Chem Soc J Am Oil Chem Soc (2018) 95: 673-685
After establishing the relationship between fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE) in olive oil and its sensory classification, we proved the correlation between the presence of large quantities of FAAE and the oil's fermentative defects. Nowadays the olive oil industry is facing strict demands regarding the fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) presence in extra virgin olive oil, since a 30 mg/kg limit must be applied to oils produced from 1 st March 2016. This decision was made under the assumption that the concentration of FAEE is something fixed. Results here demonstrate otherwise. After a study under controlled storage conditions (temperature, free acidity and volatiles), it is shown that the FAEE concentration increases dramatically over time once the oil is bottled. This, in the case of extra virgin olive oils obtained from mature healthy fruits, may lead in a few month time to FAEE concentrations above the limit permitted to classify the oils as extra virgin, underlying the need of applying certain working practices systematically such as filtering prior bottling, and strict control of the storage temperature.
Commercial lecithins are composed mainly of phospholipids and triacylglycerols. The analysis of the commercial lecithins, including their fraction of phospholipids, normally involves laborious and expensive protocols. Easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS) is shown to be an efficient technique for the analysis of lipids. Samples of commercial lecithins including standards, refined, deoiled and modified soy lecithin were tested. Characteristic profiles of phosphatidylcholines and triacylglycerols are detected by EASI(+)-MS, whereas EASI(-)-MS provided phosphatidylethanolamines, glycophospholipids and free fatty acids profiles. Acetylated lecithins also displayed characteristic acetylated derivatives. EASI-MS data was also compared to MALDI-MS, and found to display richer compositional information. The industrial process applied to lecithin fabrication was also characterised via typical EASI-MS profiles. EASI-MS both in its positive and negative ion modes offers a direct, fast and efficient technique able to characterise commercial lecithin.
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