Anxiety seems to influence patients' perception/awareness of asthma symptoms.

We report a dural arteriovenous shunt on the superior petrosal sinus at the origin of the petrosal vein, and its treatment. This is the first report of transvenous embolisation of such a shunt through the contralateral occipital and transverse sinuses. It was possible to achieve complete obliteration of the superior petrosal sinus shunt by coils and polyvinyl acetate liquid embolisation, in a combined venous and arterial approach.

I formulated an alternative explanation for the origin of the signal in diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) and tested it in a simple experimental model using gelatin. My findings indicate that the signal in DWI is influenced by the passage of water from the sol to the gel state, independently of the presence of cell structures or membrane-dependent diffusion.

We describe a patient with an ecstatic basilar artery in whom MRI showed marked indentation of the floor of the third ventricle and backward displacement of the midbrain, probably causing aqueduct stenosis. It appeared likely that the associated hydrocephalus was due not only to any "water-hammer" effect, but also to occlusion of the aqueduct.

Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) result from an anomalous connection between the internal and/or external carotid arteries and the cavernous sinus.The cavernous sinus comprises a network of venous channels through which the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA), the internal carotid sympathetic plexus, and cranial nerve (CN) VI course. The CNs III, IV, and V (first and second divisions) run within the dura of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus [1]. Carotid-cavernous fistulas can be classified by: • etiology: traumatic or spontaneous; • flow volume and speed: high or low; • angiographic architecture: direct or indirect. The most commonly used classification scheme for the latter was established by Barrow et al. He divided CCFs into four types, depending on the arterial feeders. Type A fistulas represent direct communications between the ICA and the cavernous sinus, usually associated with high flow rates. Indirect fistulas (types B, C, and D) are dural CCFs fed by the this article is available in open access under Creative Common attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially