In this study, a bioherbicide was produced by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using Diaporthe sp. Adjuvants were employed in a formulation to enhance the herbicidal activity towards the target (Cucumis sativus). The study was divided into two steps: (1) the fermentation condition for bioherbicide production was assessed; (2) evaluation of different formulations containing palm oil, Tween Ò 80 and Span Ò 80, in order to increase phytotoxicity. In step 1, the maximum herbicidal activity (1.23% of the leaves had lesions) was obtained at 25°C, moisture content of 50 wt%, supplemented with 10 wt% of corn steep liquor and soybean bran and inoculum density of 15 wt%. In step 2, the formulation containing 8.2 wt% of palm oil, 8.2 wt% of Tween Ò 80 and Span Ò 80, resulting in an HLB of 12.8 showed the highest phytotoxicity on the leaves. At this condition, dry matter and height of target were reduced about 36% in comparison with control. Diaporthe sp. has the potential to produce molecules with herbicidal activity and the use of adjuvants enhanced three times its efficiency.
The abandonment of field crops and the vegetation recovery in exhausted soils have been a recently studied subject as a way to assess the forest role on the soil recovering. The aim of this study was assess changes in the chemical (14 variables) and grain size (sand, silt, and clay)
Plateau areas have been considered with high land-use capacity in the Brazilian Meridional Plateau Edge of South Brazil. These areas belong Atlantic Forest biome, the second most extinction threatened ecoregion in the world, and weak knowledge about the environment leads to intensive use and degradation. We aimed to identify soil fragility and land-use capacity and limitation of the Brazilian Meridional Plateau Edge, in South Brazil, by the soil properties. Soil morphology, steady-state water infiltration, and physical and chemical properties at 0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m layers were evaluated at 57 sampling points in a grid of 20 x 20 m. Although under a small elevation slope, these areas have high soils and their properties variability, which implies high natural fragility. Unlike the soils and properties expected by farmers and scientists, naturally fragile soils (Leptosols, Regosols) with only patches of developed soils (Cambisols, Alisols, Planosols/Gleysols) predominate in these areas. The proper land-use and management of the soil and its landscapes depend on a detailed knowledge of the soil. Because, considering only the expected soil and environment capacity without the evaluation obtained with this study, the soils were intensively used and degraded.
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