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In various official terms in Indonesia, waste is often defined as residual material that its function and benefit has decreased to the minimum level. Meanwhile, growing demand of raw materials drives higher cost of supply due to increasing extraction cost and limited supply. This situation encourages industries to be more innovative to reuse and recycle used materials. This research aims to analyze economic and environmental potential of municipal solid waste as a source of raw materials for industrial sector, especially in recycling industries. A recycling case study is conducted at a waste treatment unit in Depok, Indonesia where recyclable materials are highly variable in types and amount. One of key finding to increase percent of recyclable materials is to encourage waste separation at source either encouraging it by economic incentives or increasing environmental awareness among the households. Thus, this would simultaneously increasing amount and quality of wastes being recycled and at the end their price.

Trading activities, whether in traditional or modern markets, generate both solid waste and wastewater. This study aims to analyze the characteristics and composition of solid waste generated from traditional and modern markets and their potential reductions in Pasar Pondok Bambu and Pasar Cinere, based on waste generation, composition, and solid waste's characteristics that are generated from both markets. The method used in this study is based on SNI 19-3964-1994 about Measurement and Collection Method for Waste Generation and Composition of Municipal Solid Waste Sample. Results showed that the average volume of solid waste generation from Pasar Pondok Bambu and Pasar Segar Cinere is 2.74 m 3 /day and 0.76 m 3 /day, respectively. The main components of Pasar Pondok Bambu solid waste are 65.56% garden and vegetable waste, 13.04% slaughterhouse waste, 7.34% plastic waste, and 7.28% food waste. Meanwhile, the main components of Pasar Segar Cinere are 58.77% garden and vegetable waste, 20.58% food waste, 9.60% plastic waste, and 3.76% paper waste. There is a chance to reduce the amount of waste in both traditional markets in order to reduce the waste load in landfills. Alternatives to reducing the amount of solid waste are through reducing, reusing, recycling, and composting. These alternatives are expected to reduce solid waste generation in both Pasar Pondok Bambu and Pasar Segar Cinere. In order to be able to be used as compost material, both sources of solid waste should add materials such as leaves from garden waste to increase the levels of carbon content. Based on solid waste composition, potential reduction waste in both Pasar Pondok Bambu and Pasar Segar Cinere is around 40%.