Due to notable technological convergence that brought about exponential growth in computer world, SoftComputing (SC) has played a vital role with automation capability features to new levels of complex applications. In this research paper, the authors reviewed journals related to the subject matter with the aim of striking a convincing balance between a system that is capable of tolerance to uncertainty, imprecision, approximate reasoning and partial truth to achieve tractability, robustness, economy of communication, high machine intelligence quotient (MIQ), low cost solution and better rapport with reality to conventional techniques. This paper gives an insight on four major consortiums of SC that sprang from the concept of cybernetics, explores and reviews the different techniques, methodologies; application areas and algorithms are formulated to give an idea on how these computing techniques are applied to create intelligent agents to solve a variety of problems. The mechanisms highlighted can serve as an inspiration platform and awareness to new and old researchers that are not or fully grounded in this unique area of research and to create avenue in order to fully embrace the techniques in research communities.

Patch material plays a significant role in controlling the performance and resonating frequency of patch based antennas. In this work, we compared graphene and copper nano-based patch antennas in terms of return loss, bandwidth, gain, directivity and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). The simulation is carried out using high frequency structure simulator HFSS. The substrate material used is Silicon dioxide. The antenna is designed to operate in the THz frequency band of (1-15THz) with the fundamental frequency of 5.5THz. The result shows that, the classical metallic antennas with copper material resonant at lower frequency of 3THz while graphene resonant at the higher frequency of 7THz, this is due to high electrons mobility in graphene than in copper. Graphene based patch antenna achieves maximum return loss of -24.4555dB with the corresponding VSWR of 1.0413. The maximum gain of 7.1943dB is achieved with a bandwidth of 522.3GHz; this shows better antenna performance than copper except the bandwidth. The contemporary copper antenna attains return loss of -14.7028dB with the corresponding VSWR of 3.2336. The gain of 4.6219dB is achieved with a bandwidth of 1188.5GHz. With this result, it can be seen that graphene is a suitable choice and can replace copper patch material for patch antennas for wireless applications in terahertz frequency band.

This study proposes a new rain attenuation prediction model (RAM) based on the rain cell concept for tropical locations. The new model addresses the research gap in the international telecommunications union (ITU) model. Results obtained show that the proposed RAM predicted the possibility of signal across seven (7) out of thirteen (13) stations monitored. The predicted attenuation values were 18.3427 dB, 18.8106 dB, 18.3921 dB, 13.8062 dB, 20.8803 dB, 9.4519 dB, and 19.6018 dB for Jalingo, Jos, Makurdi, Mubi, Otukpo, Sokoto, and Abuja respectively. However, the RAM predicted outage across six stations with predicted attenuation values of 31.7040 dB, 26.8302 dB, 28.6635 dB, 29.6562 dB, 28.8827 dB, and 30.0614 dB for Akwa-Ibom, Benin, Donga, Port-Harcourt, Owerri, and Aba respectively. The proposed RAM hence suggests an additional Ku-band spot beam power of at least 331.97 watts for Nigeria's Nigerian communication satellite-1 (NIGCOMSAT-1R) Ku-band transponder to overcome the predicted attenuation across the six stations which recorded signal outage. The results from this study can be used by network engineers for the implementation of fade mitigation techniques (FMTs) such as site diversity and power control to aid telecommunication networks anticipate changes and allocate resources accordingly.

This research explains how to design and plan fixed wireless access connections in an urban setting using 5th generation (5G) technology in a multi-user urban scenario. Although the antennas used had a high gain, the 28 GHz carrier frequency proved incompatible with the connections due to path loss. The additional loss due to foliage led to a drop in the receiver sensitivity to -84 dBm. The loss due to weather conditions resulted in lower received signal strength. The lower frequency of 3.5 GHz performed better and is recommended to establish successful communication over multi-kilometer distances. As a result, this study demonstrates how vulnerable high 5G carrier frequencies are to typical path loss impairments.