A B S T R A C TEntomopathogenic nematodes (in the genus Steinernema and Heterorhabditis) have been studied and successfully commercialized as biological control agents. These organisms are highly virulent and safe for the non-target environment, animals and humans. For at least 200 target species, the nematode-bacteria complex has the potential to become a mass-marketed agricultural biopesticide. However, before nematodes can be successfully integrated into the agricultural system as a regular-use, "go-to" biopesticide, it is necessary to develop economical manufacturing processes. There are several manufacturing platforms: in vitro solid fermentation; in vitro liquid fermentation; and in vivo production. This review presents an analysis of each approach and discusses the advantages and disadvantages relative to the cost of production, technical expertise required, and quality of the final product.
Entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and their bacterial symbionts Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus luminescens (P. luminescens), represent a specific agricultural niche. The successful integration of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) as regular use biological control agents require specific knowledge and understanding of the adaptation and establishment of applied biological control agents in agricultural ecosystems. For many years, the pest management capabilities of these pathogenic partnerships have been implemented in biological control settings. In this study, ten fertilizers were examined to explore the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) on the production of entomopathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus luminescens. Laboratory exposure to fertilizer concentrations (0.5-2.5%) was used to determine the production of each bacterial species. Results conclude that P. luminescens are generally more sensitive to fertilizer than X. nematophila. Moreover, fertilizers containing high nitrogen suppressed bacterial densities more readily than those with lesser amounts. This paper summarizes the effects of the three important nutrients found in various concentrations of organic and inorganic fertilizers on entomopathogenic bacteria production.
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