Because the direct formation of large, patterned graphene layers on active electronic devices without any physical transfer process is an ultimate important research goal for practical applications, we first developed a cost-effective, scalable, and sustainable process to form graphene films from solution-processed common polymers directly on a SiO2/Si substrate. We obtained few-layer graphene by heating the thin polymer films covered with a metal capping layer in a high-temperature furnace under low vacuum in an Ar/H2 atmosphere. We find that the metal capping layer appears to have two functions: prevention of vaporization of dissociated molecules and catalysis of graphene formation. We suggest that polymer-derived graphene growth directly on inert substrates in active electronic devices will have great advantages because of its simple, inexpensive, and safer process.

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during the course of the disease. 1-3 Treatment with intravenous corticosteroid (IVCS) during hospitalization is a mainstay in the treatment of acute severe UC (ASUC); however, 30%-40% of these patients do not respond to IVCS and, thus, require surgical resection or medical rescue therapy, such as cyclosporine and infliximab (IFX). 4 A pivotal randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing IFX with placebo demonstrated that a single infusion of IFX at 5 mg/kg was effective as rescue therapy in patients with moderately or severely active UC not responding to conventional treatment. 5 A follow-up

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Fusion zone microstructural evolution of Al-10% Si coated hot stamping steel during laser welding and its mechanical properties were investigated in this study. During laser welding, a liquidized Al-10% Si coating penetrated along the fusion boundary to form δ-ferrite. After hot stamping heat treatment, the final microstructure was composed of a martensite-ferrite dual phase. The dual phase formation causes mixed mode fracture (brittle fracture + ductile fracture) at the fusion zone due to the hardness difference between the martensite and ferrite phases. This issue can be addressed by applying filler wire or by changing the coating system from an Al-based coating to a Zn-based coating.

INTRODUCTION: The family history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been strongly associated with risk of developing IBD. This study aimed to identify the host genetic and gut microbial signatures in familial IBD. METHODS: Genetic analyses using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping and whole exome sequencing were performed to calculate weighted genetic risk scores from known IBD-associated common variants and to identify rare deleterious protein-altering variants specific to patients with familial IBD in 8 Korean families that each included more than 2 affected first-degree relatives (FDRs) and their unaffected FDR(s). In parallel, gut microbial community was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing of stools from the sample individuals. RESULTS: The risk of familial IBD was not well explained by the genetic burden from common IBD-risk variants, suggesting the presence of family-shared genetic and environmental disease-risk factors. We identified 17 genes ( AC113554.1 , ACE , AKAP17A , AKAP9 , ANK2 , ASB16 , ASIC3 , DNPH1 , DUS3L , FAM200A , FZD10 , LAMA5 , NUTM2F , PKN1 , PRR26 , WDR66 , and ZC3H4 ) that each contained rare, potentially deleterious variants transmitted to the affected FDRs in multiple families. In addition, metagenomic analyses revealed significantly different diversity of gut microbiota and identified a number of differentially abundant taxa in affected FDRs, highlighting 22 novel familial disease-associated taxa with large abundance changes and the previously reported gut dysbiosis including low alpha diversity in IBD and 16 known IBD-specific taxa. DISCUSSION: This study identified familial IBD-associated rare deleterious variants and gut microbial dysbiosis in familial IBD.

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Identifying equivalent processing conditions is critical for the relevant comparison of food quality attributes. This study investigates equivalent processes for at least 5‐log reduction of Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua in pineapple juice–coconut milk (PC) blends by high‐pressure processing (HPP), pulsed electric fields (PEF), and ultrasound (US) either alone or combined with other preservation factors (pH, nisin, and/or heat). The two blends (pH 4 and 5) and coconut milk (pH 7) as a reference were subjected to HPP at 300–600 MPa, 20°C for 0.5–30 min; PEF at an electric field strength of 10–21 kV/cm, 40°C for 24 µs; and US at 120 µm amplitude, 25 or 45°C for 6 or 10 min. At least a 5‐log reduction of E. coli was achieved at pH 4 by HPP at 400 MPa, 20°C for 1 min; PEF at 21 kV/cm, 235 Hz, 40°C for 24 µs; and US at 120 µm, 45°C for 6 min. As L. innocua showed greater resistance, a synergistic lethal effect was provided at pH 4 by HPP with 75 ppm nisin at 600 MPa, 20°C for 5 min; PEF with 50 ppm nisin at 18 kV/cm, 588 Hz, 40°C for 24 µs; and US at 45°C, 120 µm for 10 min. The total soluble solids (11.2–12.4°Bx), acidity (0.47%–0.51% citric acid), pH (3.91–4.16), and viscosity (3.55 × 10−3–4.0 × 10−3 Pa s) were not significantly affected under the identified equivalent conditions. HPP was superior to PEF and US, achieving higher ascorbic acid retention and lower color difference in PC blend compared to the untreated sample.