Sources d'innervation de l'arc aortique et de l'aorte thoracique dans le foetus humainIntroduction. Le développement de l'angiochirurgie mène les morphologues à clarifier plus en détail les caractéristiques topographiques et anatomiques des vaisseaux artériels, en tenant compte de leur morphogenèse, des caractéristiques d'innervation, de l'âge et de la variabilité anatomique individuelle à différentes périodes de l'ontogenèse humaine. L'objectif de l'étude est d'analyser les sources et les caractéristiques de l'innervation de l'arc aortique et de l'aorte thoracique chez les foetus humains. Matériaux et méthodes. L'étude a été réalisée sur 36 préparations de foetus humains de 81,0 à 375,0 mm de longueur pariétale-coccygienne en utilisant un ensemble de méthodes : la préparation macro-microscopique, l'injection vasculaire, l'application de contraste, la réalisation de modèles de reconstruction 3D, la morphométrie. Résultats. Les sources d'innervation de l'arc aortique chez les foetus humains sont les branches cardiaques cervicales des nerfs vagues, les nerfs cardiaques cervicaux et les branches uniques des trois ou quatre noeuds thoraciques supérieurs des troncs sympathiques. L'innervation de l'aorte thoracique est assurée par les branches du plexus aortique thoracique, le tronc
Active implementation of perinatal prevention and treatment of congenital malformations requires modern approaches and methods of research of intrauterine development, the use of which is impossible without a comprehensive morphological study of development of the structure and topography of organs and structures of various systems in the early period of human ontogenesis. A priority task of the modern anatomy is the study of patterns of prenatal morphogenesis and syntopia of human endocrine glands. The purpose of the research was to study the peculiarities of the development and formation of the topography of the thyroid and parathyroid glands during the human embryonic period. Material and methods. The study was performed using microscopy of a series of consecutive histological sections of 18 human embryos of 4.0-13.5 mm parietal-coccygeal length and graphical reconstruction. Results and discussion. The thyroid gland forms as the epithelium cell’s protrusion along the midline between the I and II pharyngeal pockets, and appears on the 4th week of embryonic development. The rudiments of parathyroid glands in the form of epithelial protrusions of the dorsal part of the III and IV pharyngeal pockets appear during the 5th week of the development of fetus. In 6-week-old embryos, the thyroid gland enters into a complex syntopic relationships with adjacent organs and structures; herewith the topographic boundaries of the organ are not clearly defined. The growth of the thyroid gland goes along the common carotid arteries and gradually loses contact with the aortic arch. A diffuse vascular network is formed around the thyroid gland, which penetrates into it. It is clearly traced that the upper thyroid arteries originate from the external carotid arteries. At the end of the embryonic period the tempo of growth of thyroid gland acutely increases, the main variants of the thyroid gland's shape (with an isthmus and without an isthmus) can be defined. Conclusion. In the embryos of 4.0-4.5 mm parietal-coccygeal length, the thyroid gland's rudiment is detected as a protrusion of the epithelium along the midline between the I and II pharyngeal pockets, which begins to lose contact with the oropharyngeal cavity in embryos of 5.5-6.0 mm parietal-coccygeal length. Subsequently, appear close interrelations between the thyroid gland's rudiment and the arterial trunk. As a result of the formation of new syntopic connections of the thyroid gland’s rudiment with the IV pharyngeal arteries and the lower nodes of the vagus nerves, the thyroid gland's rudiment takes the form of a grooved plate that grows and models along the primitive aortic arch and localizes between the right and left common carotid arteries. The rudiments of the thyroid glands appear in embryos of 6.0-8.0 mm parietal-coccygeal length in the form of epithelial protrusions of the dorsal part of the III and IV pharyngeal pockets, from which in the future the lower and upper parathyroid glands will be formed, respectively. The critical periods of the thyroid and parathyroid glands development on the early stages of human ontogenesis are: 5th week – a period of intensive formation of the rudiments of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, and 6th week – the formation of laryngeal cartilages and cellular structures of the neck
To obtain data about the formation of fetal macroscopic structure and topography of the thoracic part of the aorta, which can be used for age-related mapping, it is necessary to determine a standard sequence of steps during the preparation of these structures. The purpose of the study was to determine the method of the best rational sequence of actions during the preparation of areas of the posterior mediastinum in human fetuses to obtain standard results, useful for comparing in the age aspect. Materials and methods. The study was performed on 35 human fetuses of 4-10 months by macromicroscopic preparation of organs, vessels, and nerves of the posterior mediastinum. Results and discussion. In the study of fetal anatomical variability of branches and nerves of the thoracic aorta in the age aspect, the algorithm of anatomical preparation of the posterior mediastinum becomes a priority. However, in the literary sources available to us, we did not find information about the sequence of actions during the preparation of the posterior mediastinum, including the thoracic aorta in human fetuses. The innervation of the thoracic part of aorta on both sides mainly involves the branches of the II-VI thoracic nodes of the sympathetic trunk, the great visceral nerve, and the branch of the vagus nerve. Adherence to the following sequence of actions during the preparation of the posterior mediastinum, and in particular, the branches and nerves of the thoracic aorta, in human fetuses, provides not only the scientific value of the results but also the rational use of biological material. Conclusion. The proposed and tested method of dissection of nerves, visceral and parietal branches of the thoracic aorta in human fetuses provides a standard for obtaining data about their typical, individual, and age anatomical variability. The innervation of the thoracic aorta mainly involves the branches of the II-VI thoracic nodes of the sympathetic trunk, the great visceral nerve, and the branch of the vagus nerve. Nerve branches leading to the thoracic aorta from various sources enter its wall either together with blood vessels or in isolation. In human fetuses, between the right and left sympathetic trunks and the thoracic part of the aorta, in addition to the intermediate plexus or collateral trunk, a paraaortic plexus is found, the branches of which participate in the innervation of the thoracic aorta. Bilateral asymmetry of the structure and topography of the plexuses of the thoracic aorta was detected. The sequence of actions used during the preparation of the thoracic aorta in human fetuses preserves the natural appearance and relationships between the branches and nerves of the object of the study
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