Rate constants for the reaction OH + OH + M -H202 + M (M = N2, H20) have been determined by using flash photolysis of H20 vapor in combination with quantitative OH resonance spectrometry. For M = N2 experiments were performed at 253, 298, and 353 K and at pressures between 26 and 1100 mbar. Under these conditions the reaction is found to be primarily in the low-pressure limit with £1iN2°( T = 298 K) = (6.9*lf) x 10~31 cm6/s and a temperature dependence of T~o i. Both the absolute value of k^N°a nd its temperature variation are in very satisfactory agreement with theoretical predictions and extrapolations from high-temperature dissociation data. A pressure falloff of £1N2 is also observed. On the basis of a theoretical analysis of the falloff behavior, a high-pressure limiting rate coefficient of kf = 1.5 X 10"" cm3/s, independent of temperature, is predicted. From experiments in N2/H20 mixtures with xHl0 = 0.11 at pressures up to 140 mbar a low-pressure limiting rate coefficient for H20 as a third body of ki,H2o°( T = 298 K) = (4.022o) x 10'30 cm6/s is obtained.
Hydrogen formation in the reaction of 0(1D) atoms with water has been determined via the branching ratio k2/kh where (1) 0(2D) + H20 -* 20H and (2) 0(1D) + H20 -» H2 + 02, by direct measurement of the yields of H2 and OH in the flash photolysis of 03/H20/He mixtures. k2/ki is found to be 0.01 (+0.005, -0.01) at 298 K.
Religious giving has been argued to be different compared to non-religious giving, because it influences after-life consumption while contributions to non-religious organizations are irrelevant to after-life consumption. The study herein examines this theoretical argument by investigating the relationships between age and religious and non-religious giving using the data of the Survey of Social Development Trends from Taiwan. From categorized contributions, this study estimates the effects of age, income, and price of giving on religious, charitable, academic, medical, and political contributions, as well as on the probability of providing volunteer work and the frequency of religious participation. The findings suggest that the positive relationships between age and the level of giving are stronger for religious and charitable giving while the positive effects of age on academic and medical giving are much weaker, and there is no significant relationship between age and political giving. That is, religious giving and charitable giving are closely related to afterlife consumption, but the effects of age on academic giving and medical giving are considerably different. Moreover, older people are more likely to provide volunteer work and attend more religious activities than younger individuals. Contributions to religious and charitable groups are positively related to contributions to academic, medical, and political organizations.
UV-Photolysis of aqueous solution of 5-iodouracil in presence of oxygen and methanol leads quantitatively to isodialuric acid, uracil, formaldehyde, H202 and iodine. The yields of these products were determined as a function of methanol concentration. The results suggest that the primary step is the homolytic splitting of the C-I-bond. The reaction of the uracil radical with methanol gives uracil and a CH2OH-radical, and with oxygen isodialuric acid. The uracil radical reacts 24 times faster with oxygen than with methanol. The reaction of CH2OH-radical with oxygen gives formaldehyde and H202 . Bei der Gammaradiolyse und UV-Photolyse von 5-Brom-und 5-Joduracil entsteht im Primärprozeß unter anderem ein Uracilradikal 2 . Dieses Radikal wird für den Strahlenschaden bei Jod-oder Bromuracil enthaltenden Phagen und Bakterien 3 verantwortlich gemacht. Um Näheres über die Reaktionen des Uracilradikals zu erfahren, haben wir in einer vorangegangenen Arbeit die UV-Photolyse von Joduracil in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff untersucht 2 . In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung der Photolyse in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff (1,2 • 10~3 Mol//) und Methanol bei 25° berichtet. Ergebnisse und Diskussion Bei der UV-Photolyse von 5-Joduracil (C = 5-10~4Mol/Z) in wäßriger, sauerstoffgesättigter Lö-sung in Gegenwart von Methanol wurden je nach Methanolausgangskonzentration (C = 10 -1 -10~3 Mol/Z) wechselnde Mengen folgender Produkte gefunden: Isodialursäure, Uracil, Jod, Wasserstoffperoxid und Formaldehyd (Abb. 1). a) J2-Bildung Im gesamten untersuchten Methanolkonzentrationsbereich steht das gebildete Jod zur umgesetzten Sonderdruckanforderungen an Prof. Dr. D. SCHULTE-FROH-LINDE, MPI f. Kohlenforschung, Abt. Strahlenchemie, D-4330 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Stiftstr. 34-36. 1 0. VOLKERT, W. BORS U. D. SCHULTE-FROHLINDE, Z. Naturforsdi. 22 b, 480 [1967]. Menge an Joduracil im Verhältnis 1 : 2, d. h. jedes umgesetzte Joduracilmolekül verliert sein Jod und alles Jod tritt in Form von J2 auf. Dieses Jod muß aus dem das UV-Licht absorbierenden Joduracil abgespalten worden sein. Die einfachste und mit den bisherigen Erfahrungen mit organischen Jodverbindungen 4 im Einklang stehende Deutung ist die Annahme, daß der photochemische Primärschritt in einer homolytischen Dissoziation der C -J-Bindung besteht, Gl. (1), gefolgt von einer Dimerisierung der Jodatome Gl. (2). Belichtungszeit t [min]
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