Synopsis An investigation was conducted to develop methods for an over‐all analytical technique of corn leaf analysis. Samples were analyzed by use of a spectrometer for Sr, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, B, Al, Fe, and Zn. Computing equipment was used to speed and facilitate data conversion. Procedures for sampling, leaf washing, drying, grinding, mixing, ashing, and analysis were studied and modified, where necessary, to increase precision and accuracy with respect to all elements.
I N THE process of collecting data relative to differential accumulation of strontium-90 by maize, it was found that calcium, magnesium, and potassium exhibited relatively la.rge accumulation differentials. Sayre a reported large differences in accumulation of these elements between inbred maize lines. He also reported seasonal trends of accumulation for each of these three elements with the highest percent accumulation in the leaves. Replicated diallel-type single-cross tests, with the parental inbred lines in a separate adjacent block, were grown in 1959 at Hershey and Landisville, Pennsylvania. Ear leaf blades from six plants of each plot were collected on September 11, oven dried, ground, dry ashed, and analyzed for calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Calcium plus magnesium was determined by EDTA titration, using Eriechrome black T 4 as the indicator. Calcium was determined by EDTA titration with calcein~ as the indicator. The difference between the two values was taken as magnesium. Potassium was determined flame photometrically. * Percent of element in ear leaves of the inbred line. $ Percent of element in ear leaves of single crosses invol'c'lng the inbred line. :~ Percent of element in ear leaves of single crosses expressed as average value unconfounded by influence of other inbred lines.
S INCE there has been no general agreement on an adequate explanation of heterosis, Sprague (12) has stated that studies which will contribute information about gene action involved in heterosis should be vigorously explored. This study was undertaken to gather information with currently useful breeding materials relative to the prevalence of epistatic gene action and its interactions with environments. Additional knowledge along these lines should be valuable in planning future fundamental studies, in practical breeding efforts, and in interpreting maize inbred and hybrid performance experiments in diverse environments.REVIEW OF LITERATURE Hollander (4) and Kempthorne (8) have defined epistasis as involving interactions of non-allelic genes including multiplicative gene action. Jinks (7) concluded, in a review of diallel cross data, that measured overdominance for yield was partially spurious and in reality epistasis. A significant positive correlation existed between yield and intensity of non-allelic interaction. Gamble (3), using a factorial gene model analysis for inheritance of yield, plant height, kernel row number, ear length, ear diameter, and kernel weight in four environments, concluded that epistasis was important in the inheritance of the characters studied and was subject to environmental influences. Robinson et al. (l) found the complementary type of non-allelic interaction to be of importance in determining maize yield. Horner et al. (5) pointed out that work demonstrating step-like sequential biochemical reactions in the formation of genetically controlled products was very suggestive of complementary gene action.Bauman (1, 2) described the basic method used with extensions in this study to detect epistatic gene action. Inbreds A and B and their Fi hybrid were crossed with a common inbred tester. A significant positive or negative deviation of the single cross X tester from the mean of the two inbreds X tester would necessarily be due to epistasis. He pointed out the following: (A) epistasis, even if present, may not be detected; (B) only a minimum amount of epistasis present will be detected; (C) the direction of the deviation is dependent on the distribution of alleles within the parents; (D) the type of epistasis will not be determined; (E) linkage will reduce the estimate of epistasis; (F) cancelling effects will reduce the estimate so that only a net effect is measured; (G) the tester genotype will influence the estimate; (H) the test is qualitative and not quantitative; and (I) significant deviations must be due to epistasis. Normal meiosis and segregation are assumed. MATERIALS AND METHODSSix double cross hybrids were used as the basis of this study:Pa 444 (Pa 54 X Pa 11) (Pa 32 X Pa 33) Pa 507 (Ind Wf9 X Oh 5IA) (Pa 32 X Pa 33) Pa 525 (Ind Wf9 X Oh 51A) (Pa 54 X Pa 11) Pa 511 (Ind Wf9 X Oh 51A) (Pa 54 X Pa 32) Pa 602A (Ind Wf9 X Oh 5lA) (Pa 54 X W 22) Pa 602 (Ind Wf9 X Oh 51A) (111 A X W 22)The single cross parents of each of these double crosses were studied by Bauman's (1, 2) method to...
Synopsis From the results of this investigation, it was concluded that differential accumulation of elements by corn genotypes grown in the field can be predicted from the accumulations of young plants of the same genotypes grown in the greenhouse.
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