The nutritional value of soybean seeds is in high protein (up to 35%) and fat (up to 25%) percentage. In the Russian Federation, there is a positive trend in increasing the soybean acreage (e. g. from 1.537 million hectares in 2013 to 2.919 million hectares in 2018). The field trials were carried out in the laboratory of cultivation technology of row crops of the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (Zernograd, southern soil-climatic region of the Rostov region) in 2016–2017. The experiments were conducted with the varieties of local breeding “Don 21” and “Diva”, included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation in 6 regions, differing in the length of vegetation period. The soil of the experimental plot is favorable for soybean cultivation, the humus content in the topsoil is 3.36%; pH is 7.0; P2O5 is 24.4; K2O is 360 mg/kg of soil. Depending on the sowing period, the soybean yields varied from 0.85 to 1.25 t/ha for the variety “Don 21” and from 0.77 to 1.38 t/ha for the variety “Diva”. The protein content in soybean seeds was the highest in the fourth term of sowing (41.9 and 39.8%), and the fat content in the first term was 19.0 and 20.2% (the varieties “Don 21” and “Diva” respectively). The analysis of economic and energy efficiency identified the most effective variants of the trial. The variety “Don 21” had the second sowing period, the variety “Diva” had the third one, with the highest values of profitability (129.8 and 147.7%) and the energy efficiency ratio (2.03 and 2.18).
The current paper has presented the study results of the effect of different dosages of the herbicide ‘Ballerina SE’ on the weediness of sorghum sowing, as well as the economic efficiency of the application. The purpose of the study was to estimate the efficiency of the use of the herbicide ‘Ballerina’ on grain sorghum and its effect on the weediness of the sowing and the amount of productivity. The field trials were carried out in 2017–2019 in the laboratory for cultivation technology of row crops of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (Zernograd). The experimental plot is located in the southern agricultural zone of the Rostov region (with insufficient and unstable moisture). The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem) on forestry loams, with 3.2% of humus, 18.5–20.0 mg of P2O5 and 342–360 mg of K2O per kg of soil. The hydrothermal coefficient during the years of study ranged from 0.32 to 0.89, which characterized the insufficient moisture supply of the growing season. There was presented the information on the varietal composition of grain sorghum in the southern zone of the Rostov region. The applied dosages of the herbicide had a significant effect on the reduction of the weediness of grain sorghum after their application (the decrease ranged from 78.3 to 96.7%). The greatest decrease in weediness was noted for dicotyledonous weeds. When using 0.5–l of the herbicide ‘Ballerina SE’ per ha, there was obtained the highest conditional net income of 22,230 rubles/ha, with the lowest production cost of 4,329 rubles/ha and the highest profitability level of 163%.
The current paper has presented the study results of the elements of cultivation technology (sowing date, sowing method, seeding rate) of grain sorghum in the southern part of the Rostov region. Field trials were carried out in 2018–2020. The object of research was the grain sorghum variety ‘Zernogradskoe 88’, included in the State List of Breeding Achievements for the North Caucasus region in 2013. According to the study results there was established that the lowest values of grain weight per plant and 1000-grain weight were formed with a seeding rate of 0.9 million of germinating seeds per ha.In the same variant of the trial, there was determined theworst plants’ preservation before harvesting. Sowing method had the greatest effect on plant density (69.5 %) and on 1000-grain weight (23.8 %); seeding ratehad the greatest effect on grain weight per plant (52.5 %). On average, through the years of study, there was obtained the maximum productivity of 4.14 and 4.12 t/ha with a seeding rate of 0.4 and 0.5 million of germinated seeds per ha, respectively. For grain sorghum, the sowing method with a row spacing of 0.15 and 0.30 m was the most acceptable, where there was yielded 3.70 and 3.65 t/ha. When sowing seeds in the 3rd decade of May (20–22 °C of warming up the soil at a seeding depth), there was identified a maximum productivity of sorghum grain with 3.92 t/ha. The greatest effect on productivity formation (41.6 %) was produced by the seeding rate, the share of the effect of the sowing date was 24.8 %, that of the sowing method was 3.6 %, weather conditions affected on 7.7 %.
Изложены результаты изучения нового сорта люцерны изменчивой Голубка, приведено его морфо-биологическое описание. Сегодня сорт-это главный источник для производства энергии насыщенных кормов, носитель определенных хозяйственно-ценных признаков. Для каждого региона необходимо иметь сорта, способные реализовать почвенно-климатические условия зоны, обладающие устойчивостью к различным проявлениям в ней стресс-факторов. Учитывая это и разнообразие почвенноклиматических условий Ростовской области, работа направлена на создание сортов, способных наиболее эффективно использовать биоклиматические ресурсы региона. Основное направление селекции лаборатории многолетних трав-создание сортов сенокосного и пастбищного использования с урожайностью кормовой массы, семенной продуктивностью, устойчивостью к основным болезням и неблагоприятным факторам среды. Исследования проводили методом создания сложногибридных популяций на основе биотипов, полученных многократным отбором по кормовой и семенной продуктивности. Люцерна изменчивая Голубка обеспечивала урожайность зеленой массы 31,0, сбор сухого вещества-9,3 и урожайность семян-0,22 т/га. По урожайности зеленой массы сорт Голубка превышал стандартный сорт Ростовская 90 на 7,6%, по сбору сухого вещества-на 6,9%, по урожайности семян-на 11%. В зеленой массе содержалось 21,0-21,8% сырого протеина и 30-32% клетчатки. Новый сорт люцерны Голубка выделялся большим (на 7,6%) сбором кормовых единиц и сырого протеина (9,0%) с 1 га. В 1 кг сухого вещества сорта Голубка, хотя и незначительно, но выше, чем у стандарта, было содержание обменной энергии (10,4 МДж/кг) и переваримого протеина (153 г/кг), а также кормовая единица была лучше обеспечена переваримым протеином (187 г/к. е.).
Soybean is the most important food protein and oil grain crop in the world. However, in the Rostov region, the areas under this crop are insignificant (12.3 thousand hectares or 0.21% of the arable land in 2015). As the Rostov region is the zone of insufficient and unstable moistening, soybean is a promising leguminous crop, which is resistant to lodging and to damage by diseases. The studies were conducted in 2016-2017 to determine soybean response to different sowing time. The research work was carried out on the fields of the FSBSI “Agricultural Scientific Center “Donskoy” (the laboratory of cultivation technologies of row crops) located in the southern soil-climatic zone of the Rostov region. The soil of the test plot is ordinary blackearth (chernozem), heavy loamy, carbonate on forestry loam, with such agrochemical indicators of soil as 3.36% of humus; 7.0 of pH; 24.4 of P2O5; 360 mg of K2O per kg of soil. The object of research was the soybean varieties “Don 21” and “Diva” approved for use in the Rostov region. The article presents the results on the effect of sowing dates on the length of the vegetation period, the elements of yield structure and productivity of soybean seeds. The length of the vegetation period varied depending on the sowing time and was the shortest in the fourth term of sowing, viz. 110 and 116 days for the varieties “Don 21” and “Diva” respectively. The highest values of the elements of the yield structure (the number of beans per plant (21.7 and 19.5 pcs.), seeds' weight per plant (3.87 and 3.58 g) and 1000-seeds weight (146.9 and 146.7 g) were identified in the variety “Diva” (the third sowing term) and in the variety “Don 21” (the second sowing term). In the same variants of the trial, the maximum yields were produced by the varieties “Diva” and “Don 21” (1.38 and 1.25 t/ha respectively).
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