Planning of radiotherapy (RT) of malignant tumors consists of selection of physical and technical settings and conditions of irradiation (irradiation plans) design to build up an effective (optimum) dose field in the patient's body.Effective plan is a compromise between a trend to create the dose field intensity and the configuration in the treatment locus sufficient to induce irreversible damage of tumor tissue and a trend toward minimization of radiation load on normal organs and tissues. The problem of optimum planning is very complicated because normal organs and tissues exposed to therapeutic radiation have different radiosensitivities. The radiologist should always compare the hazard of oncological disease with the severity of possible aftereffects of radiation therapy.It is presently widely accepted that the effect of volume on the tolerant dose is described by the following equation [2I:where D(V1) and D(V2) are the tolerant doses of irradiation of the volumes V t and V z of the same tissue. It follows from Eq. (1) that (2) Thus, if Eq. (1) is adequate to the actual situation, then the product of the tolerant dose multiplied by the volume of irradiated tissue to power b is a constant number which is numerically equal to the tolerant dose of unit volume of tissue. We assume that Eq. (1) is valid not only for tolerant doses, i.e., doses with the probability of radiation complications (PRC) p = 0.05, but also for any given PRC, 0 -p -< 1 [2] o(e, v9 ~ v~) Equation (3) should be supported by clinical data, and in this work we use this equation for approximate estimates of dose values.The values of limiting (tolerant) doses for normal tissues were determined from the results obtained during RT of malignant tumors. These results provided the basis for developing mathematical models of tolerant methods of irradiation and fractionated regimes of irradiation (FRI).The model proposed by Ellis [4] is a most widely used mathematical model for calculating equivalent tolerant levels of irradiation of normal organs and tissues. Two modifications of this model, CRE [7] and TDF [1], are also very common.The model of Ellis is based on the following equation:1Presented as a report to the International Conference Physics-95, December 1995.
Мета дослідження – визначення впливу інтрабронхіально інфузій монооксиду азоту на гемодинамічну функцію легень (за показниками тиску в легеневій артерії) та насичення крові киснем у комплексному лікуванні хворих на загострення хронічного бронхіту).Матеріали та методи. Обстежено і проліковано 85 пацієнтів із загостренням хронічного бронхіту. Пацієнти основної групи (42 хворих) на тлі традиційної терапії додатково отримали інтрабронхіальні інфузії монооксиду азоту через апарат «Плазон» при бронхоскопії (всього 4–5 сеансів на курс лікування); у контрольній групі було 43 хворих (при бронхоскопії їм проводили тільки бронхіальну санацію з фізіологічним розчином). Гемодинамічні показники оцінювали за непрямим визначенням тиску у легеневій артерії методом ехокардіографії до та після курсу лікування. Оцінювали також парціальний тиск кисню (РО2) у капілярній крові та ступінь насичення гемоглобіну крові киснем (сатурацію – SаO2).Результати і висновки. Додаткове включення в комплексне лікування хворих із загостренням хронічного бронхіту інтрабронхіальних інфузій монооксиду азоту приводить до більш повного відновлення функції легень, яка забезпечує насичення крові киснем (зростання показників РО2 та SаO2), без статистичного підтвердження змін тиску в легеневій артерії до та після курсу лікування.
The contemporary status of the development of medical radiation and laser equipment is characterized by two virtually non-overlapping fields: systems for radiotherapy and laser devices. The lack of correlation between these two directions is due to the different mechanisms of interaction of biological tissue with X-ray radiation of beams of charged elementary particles on the one hand and optic laser radiation on the other hand. Biological tissues contain both chemical ingedients absorbing optical radiation and molecular complexes specifically interacting with fluxes of X-ray radiation, electrons, and protons.It seems reasonable in this context to consider the concepts of the orig-in of malignant neoplasms discussed in the literature. For example, it is suggested that ceil structures of biological tissues contain oncogenes, which under certain conditions are able to trigger malignant transformation [1, 6, 7, 18, 19, 22]. The hypothesis of viral origin of cancer is also widely represented in the literature [3, 4, 8,[11][12][13]. A number of therapeutic procedures were developed within the framework of these hypotheses. These procedures are designed to terminate development and reproduction of malignant cells [20, 21].The presently used therapeutic methods of elimination of malignant neoplasms are based on the initiation of ionization of cell structures induced by either X-ray radiation or electron or proton beams. It is suggested that the interaction of optical laser radiation with a pathological lesion results in both thermal effect and nonthermal generation of electric charges in biological structures, Radiotherapeutic and laser methods are used in medical practice only sequentially. Simultaneous application of laser and radiation therapy has not yet been described in the literature. The reason for this is that presently available therapeutic methods are designed to destroy cellular structures rather than to control biochemical reactions of DNA and RNA. Q~antmu Model of Simttltaneotts Laser-Induced and Radiation-Ind~xxl EIIeels in Biological TtssueConsider the origin of malignant transformation of normal cell division in terms of quantum chemistry and chemical kinetics. Biochemical reactions of DNA and RNA in normally dividing cells are characterized by a rate constant of the chemical reaction of transition of light nuclei during chemical transition over a barrier which is numerically equal to the activation energy of the reaction. Rate constant increase with cell division rate increase can be interpreted as a tunneling of light nuclei through the barrier, which is of course a quantum effect [2].It may be concluded from the fundamental laws of quantum chemistry that the tunneling effect can be appro~-nated both accurate to phase coherence of all wave functions of the molecular structures of the tumor and without regard to such coherence [10]. In this context, a benign neoplasm corresponds to the lack of phase coherence of wave functions of molecular structures of DNA and RNA. A malignant neoplasm corresponds to ...
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