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Occupancy detection is essential in smart buildings from energy management and comfort management perspectives. Information on the occupancy also plays an important role in the successful execution of the rescue plan by the first responders in emergency situations. Emergency situations demand proactive, real-time, low latency, and accurate occupancy detection mechanisms. Several occupancy detection mechanisms based on the CO 2 levels, camera images, RF signals, etc. are discussed in the literature. However, practical realization and deployment of these mechanisms, specifically concerning emergency scenarios, needs exploration. In this paper, a proactive open-source client-server architecture of a Wi-Fi localization-based occupancy detection system is presented. This system can be deployed in smart buildings for emergency management. The architectural overview, design details, implementation, and testing procedures for this system are discussed in detail. The details of a simulator used for testing, based on random walk mathematical model are also presented. The results proving the functionality and performance of the system are shown in detail.

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Public goods game has been defined as a standard of experimental economics. As the game is defined, the players secretly choose how many of their private tokens to put into a public pot. The tokens in this pot are multiplied by a factor (>1) and this "public good" payoff is evenly divided among players. In addition to the payoff, each player also keeps the tokens they do not contribute, resulting in a higher payoff for the players who do not contribute to public good. In this paper, we draw an analogy between a public goods game and collaborative spectrum sensing in emergency Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks (CRAHN). This novel approach helps study the behavior of collaborative spectrum sensing in emergency CRAHNs, where all players get the spectral information irrespective of whether they sense or not. Minimum incentive is essential for the stability and fairness while meeting the spectrum sensing requirements in emergency CRAHNs.

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