A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of several tiny sensor nodes to monitor, collect, and transmit the physical information from an environment through the wireless channel. The node failure is considered as one of the main issues in the WSN which creates higher packet drop, delay, and energy consumption during the communication. Although the node failure occurred mostly due to persistent energy exhaustion during transmission of data packets. In this paper, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based Node Failure Detection (NFD) is developed with cognitive radio for detecting the location of the node failure. The ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol is used for transmitting the data from the source node to the base station. Moreover, the Mahalanobis distance is used for detecting an adjacent node to the node failure which is used to create the routing path without any node failure. The performance of the proposed ANN-NFD method is analysed in terms of throughput, delivery rate, number of nodes alive, drop rate, end to end delay, energy consumption, and overhead ratio. Furthermore, the performance of the ANN-NFD method is evaluated with the header to base station and base station to header (H2B2H) protocol. The packet delivery rate of the ANN-NFD method is 0.92 for 150 nodes that are high when compared to the H2B2H protocol. Hence, the ANN-NFD method provides data consistency during data transmission under node and battery failure.
Agriculture is the key point for survival for developing nations like India. For farming, rainfall is generally significant. Rainfall updates are help for evaluate water assets, farming, ecosystems and hydrology. Nowadays rainfall anticipation has become a foremost issue. Forecast of rainfall offers attention to individuals and knows in advance about rainfall to avoid potential risk to shield their crop yields from severe rainfall. This study intends to investigate the dependability of integrating a data pre-processing technique called singular-spectrum-analysis (SSA) with supervised learning models called least-squares support vector regression (LS-SVR), and Random-Forest (RF), for rainfall prediction. Integrating SSA with LS-SVR and RF, the combined framework is designed and contrasted with the customary approaches (LS-SVR and RF). The presented frameworks were trained and tested utilizing a monthly climate dataset which is separated into 80:20 ratios for training and testing respectively. Performance of the model was assessed using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and the proposed model produces the values as 71.6 %, 90.2 % respectively. Experimental outcomes illustrate that the proposed model can productively predict the rainfall.
ABSTRAK:Pertanian adalah titik utama kelangsungan hidup negara-negara membangun seperti India. Untuk pertanian, curah hujan pada amnya ketara. Kemas kini hujan adalah bantuan untuk menilai aset air, pertanian, ekosistem dan hidrologi. Kini, jangkaan hujan telah menjadi isu utama. Ramalan hujan memberikan perhatian kepada individu dan mengetahui terlebih dahulu mengenai hujan untuk menghindari potensi risiko untuk melindungi hasil tanaman mereka dari hujan lebat. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki kebolehpercayaan mengintegrasikan teknik pra-pemprosesan data yang disebut analisis-spektrum tunggal (SSA) dengan model pembelajaran yang diawasi yang disebut regresi vektor sokongan paling rendah (LS-SVR), dan Random-Forest (RF), ramalan hujan. Menggabungkan SSA dengan LS-SVR dan RF, kerangka gabungan dirancang dan dibeza-bezakan dengan pendekatan biasa (LS-SVR dan RF). Kerangka kerja yang disajikan dilatih dan diuji dengan menggunakan set data iklim bulanan yang masing-masing dipisahkan menjadi nisbah 80:20 untuk latihan dan ujian. Prestasi model dinilai menggunakan Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) dan Nash – Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) dan model yang dicadangkan menghasilkan nilai masing-masing sebanyak 71.6%, 90.2%. Hasil eksperimen menggambarkan bahawa model yang dicadangkan dapat meramalkan hujan secara produktif.
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