Smoking tobacco, both cigarettes and beedis, is the principal risk factor for causation of lung cancer in Indian men; however, among Indian women, the association with smoking is not strong, suggesting that there could be other risk factors besides smoking. Despite numerous advances in recent years in terms of diagnostic methods, molecular changes, and therapeutic interventions, the outcomes of the lung cancer patients remain poor; hence, a better understanding of the risk factors may impact the preventive measures to be implemented at the community level. There is a lack of comprehensive data on lung cancer in India. In this review, we attempt to collate the available data on lung cancer from India.
Dynamic Economic Dispatch (DED) is more realistic dispatch model than Economic Dispatch as a power system meets demand over several intervals (typically 1 hour each). DED involves Ramp rates, which dynamically change the generation capacity limits of a unit. These dynamically changing inequality constraints make DED problem extremely difficult to solve. In this paper, Dynamic Economic Dispatch problem has been attempted with Enhanced RQEA (HSSDED). The proposed method has been found to be highly consistent in reaching global optima and in generating solutions better other techniques reported in literature. The proposed techniques are quite general and possess capability to handle other equally complex power system problems and others.
Objective: The study was conducted to assess the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported in a tertiary care hospital in Calicut.Methods: Spontaneous ADR reporting method was followed for the study. The ADRs reported by the health-care professionals, or the patients were confirmed with the physician-in-charge. Further, the assessments of type, severity, and preventability of reported ADRs were done using Wills and Brown classification, modified Schumock and Thornton severity scale, and modified Hartwig and Siegel preventability scale.Results: A total of 30 ADRs were reported. A study found that the incidence of ADRs was more in males (1.14%) when compared to females (0.79%). Geriatric patients showed more incidences of ADRs (1.04%) when compared to pediatrics (0.69%) and adults (1.02%). More number of ADRs was associated with antibiotics (23.33%) and anticonvulsants (23.33%) than another category of drugs. Based on type or mechanism involved 80% of ADRs were pharmacologically related (Augmented) ADRs. Severity assessment showed that 50% were mild, 46.67% were moderate, and 3.33% were severe. Assessment of preventability showed that 63.33% of ADRs were not preventable, 30% were preventable, and 6.67% were probably preventable.Conclusion: The study was useful in finding the age category and drugs that were more prone to ADRs. This will render precautions and monitoring in the future. The importance of ADR monitoring unit and aid of clinical pharmacist in the monitoring and assessment were very well considered during the study.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.