Organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted great attention as an alternative renewable photovoltaic technology with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) > 22%, which is on par with established technologies.
Developing cost-effective and rational hole transporting materials is critical for fabricating high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and to promote their commercial endeavor. We have designed and developed pyridine (core) bridging diphenylamine-substituted carbazole (arm) small molecules, named as 2,6PyDANCBZ and 3,5PyDANCBZ. The linking topology of core and arm on their photophysical, thermal, semiconducting and photovoltaic properties were probed systematically. We found that the 2,6PyDANCBZ shows higher mobility and conductivity along with uniform film-forming ability as compared to 3,5PyDANCBZ. The PSCs fabricated with 2,6PyDANCBZ supersede the performance delivered by Spiro-OMeTAD, and importantly also gave improved long-term stability. Our findings put forward small molecules based on core-arm linking topology for cost-effective hole selective layers designing.
Research on developing new donor–acceptor (D–A) substituted 1,8-naphthalimide (NI) based molecular systems is a rapidly growing research are due to their wide-ranging applications in the field of organic photonics and electronics.
Conditional rewriting has been studied both from the point of view of algebraic data type specifications and as a computational paradigm combining logic and functional programming. An important issue, in either case, is determining whether a rewrite system has the Church-Rosser, or confluence, property. In this paper, we settle negatively the question whether "joinabihty of critical pairs" is, in general, sufficient for confluence of terminating conditional systems. We review known sufficient conditions for confluence, and also prove two new positive results for systems having critical pairs and arbitrarily big terms in conditions.
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