Intercropping system greatly contributes to crop intensification and production by its effective utilization of resources as compared with monoculture cropping system. The current investigation was conducted at a sugar beet field at El-Riad Districts, Kafrelsheikh Governorate during 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons. The study aimed to investigating the effect of intercropping sugar beet with either onion or garlic on the density of major sugar beet insects. Also, the influence of intercropping on sugar beet yield and yield components and quality was a main target. The economics of such intercropping systems were considered. A split plot design with three replications was used. The main plots were assigned to the intercropping pattern and the sub-plot was allocated to the plant spacing of the second crop The sole sugar beet plots displayed the highest infestations with cotton leaf worm, beet fly, tortoise beetle and beet moth. The lowest infestations were detected in plots having sugar beet intercropped with onion, while the moderate infestations were found in case of sugar beet intercropped with garlic. On the other hand, the insect infestations appeared to be lowest with narrow spacing (25 cm) of onion or garlic hills, but highest with wider spacing (75cm). Concerning the yield, the sole sugar beet produced the highest foliage, root, sugar percentage and total sugar. The values were less in case of sugar beetonion system, and least in case of sugar beetgarlic system. Chemical analysis of sugar beet plants revealed no significant differences among intercropping systems concerning with sodium, Alpha amino-nitrogen α-N and potassium. From the economic point of view, sugar beet intercropped with 25cm-onion gave the highest gross income (14.890 L.E./ fed), followed by that at 50 cm (14.110 L.E./ fed). The sole sugar beet displayed 12.556 L.E., while that intercropped with 75 cm-onion or garlic gave the lowest income 11.90 and 11.520 L.E., respectively. It could be concluded that intercropping sugar beet with 25 cmonion maximized the growers' income and reduced insect pest infestations.
Two series field experiments were done for the period of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons at Abo-Saied Village, Kafr El-Sheikh Center, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate to study the effect of plant population and distribution and nitrogen levels on yield and quality of sugar beet, "CV. Zwan Poly". The studied plant distributions were 25, 30 and 35 cm on both sides of terrace (Mastaba) 80 cm width and 20, 24 and 28 cm on both sides of terrace (Mastaba) 100 cm width, which resulted in three plant populations of 30000, 35000 and 42000 plants/fad. The used design was split-plot with 4 replicates. Results showed that plant population and distribution had significant effects on all studied traits. Cultivating beet seeds at 35 cm distance between hills on both sides of mastaba 80 cm width (30000 plants/fad) resulting significant increases in number of leaves/plant, foliage fresh weight/plant, plant weight, root weight as well as sucrose percentage, total soluble solids(TSS) and purity percentages. Increasing N-levels from 69 to 92 and 115 kg N/fad significantly increased root weight, root diameter, root length, number of leaves, foliage fresh weight/ plant and plant weight in both years, while it significantly decreased sucrose, TSS and purity percentages in both years. Generally, it could be accomplished that cultivating sugar beet on both sides of mastaba 80 cm width and 25 cm between hills and fertilizing plants with 115.0 kg N/fad could be recommended for maximizing root yield under the ecological circumstances of this research.
Field experiments were carried out at the experimental farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station during 2009/10 and 2010/11 seasons. Three levels of mineral nitrogenous fertilizers and/or different treatments of compost tea were evaluated as affecting on insect infestation in sugar beet, as well as fertilizer effect on yield and yield characteristics. Infestation by Pegomia mixta Vill, Scrobipalpa ocellatella Boyd and Cassida vittata Vill were significantly highest at 90 kg N/fed as compared with lower doses (60 or 75 kg N/fed). Compost tea treatments induced lower infestation by the aforementioned insects as compared with the check (control). Compost tea used as soil drench (30 L/fed.), applied 40 days after sowing, followed by foliar application of compost tea at 60, 90 and 120 DAS (20 L/fed) proved to be the best treatment against insect infestations. The combination of the latter treatment with the application of 60 kg N/fed resulted in the lowest infestation of sugar beet insects. In contrast, the highest infestation with pest complex (P. mixta, S. ocellatella and C. vittata) resulted from the application of 90 kg N/fed in plots free from compost tea. Compost tea treatment induced significantly high percentages of sugar, purity, and sugar beet extractability, root yield and sugar yield but produced the lowest levels of sodium, potassium and -amino nitrogen as compared with plots free from the compost tea. From the current results, it could be recommended to use compost tea, particularly as soil drench (30 L/fed) at 40 days after sowing, followed by foliar spray of compost tea (20 L/fed) at 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing. This application was superior in enhancing sugar beet yield and yield components, as well as in reducing insect infestation. It also confirmed that compost tea can be used as organic substrate additives in plant cultivation and substitute for chemical nitrogen fertilizers.
Some ecological studies on sugarbeet insect pests , were conducted in Sakha Agric. Res. Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, during the two growing seasons 2009/10 and 2010/11 to evaluate eleven sugarbeet varieties ; Francesca, Helsinki, Revel, Sibel and Univers (monogerm); Diamond, Farida, Helioses, Hercule, Maghrible and Pleno (polygerm) for resistance to main insects of sugarbeet plants (Pegomya mixta, Cassida vittata and Scrobipalpa ocellatella) and high yielding potential. The results revealed that two varieties ; Hercule and Helsinki had the least infestation by P. mixta. On the other hand, three varieties ; Helsinki, Francesca and Helioses had the least infestation by C. vittata while each of Helsinki, Sibel and Francesca had the least infestation by S. ocellatella. Finally, two varieties Maghrible and Revel proved moderate insect population and in the same time increased root (24.44 and 23.75 ton/fed., respectively) and sugar (4.46 and 4.39 ton/fed., respectively) yield.
This study was conducted at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate during two successive seasons, 2005 / 2006 and 2006 / 2007 to determine the population densities of the dominant land snails and estimate damage and losses due to M.cantaina on foliage, roots yield and reduction in sugar contents.Results revealed that the population density of M.cantiana snails on sugar beet in the three times of plantation were slightly [(2.6, 3.6 and 2.8 ) and (2.3, 1.8 and 7.4)] and [(6.9, 6.0 and 13.5) and (3.2, 3.6 and 10.6)] individuals / m2 at Kafr El-Sheikh and El-Hamol districts, in the beginning of seasons 2005 / 2006 and 2006 / 2007, respectively. Then, population increased gradually until reached maximum numbers in the end of seasons with values of [ (26, 51 and 62) and (26, 66.2 and 60 )] and [(29, 22 and 70) and (29.6, 30.4 and 76.5)] individuals / m2 at two districts in the three times of plantations at the two successive seasons 2005 / 2006 and 2006 / 2007, respectively. Results indicated that the damage and losses assessment due to different levels infestations of M.cantiana (10,20,30,40 and 50 snails / plant) resulted in considerable damage to sugar beet under field conditions. The general mean of reduction to foliage, root weight and sugar yield were (0, 0.
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