It is evident that radar sensing is robust technology compared to camera or LiDAR in the case of autonomous vehicles. Since, they are capable of working even under harsh weather conditions like thick fog, glaring sun, etc. The 77-81GHz frequency band for short range radar provides a global framework for automotive radar by preventing collisions, reducing traffic accidents and thus improvingvehicular safety. The proposed antenna resonates at 79GHz. Below-10dB, return loss characteristic greater than -35dB is obtained in the band of 77.5GHz to 80.4GHz (i.e., impedance bandwidth of 2.86GHz) and gain of above 8dB is achieved. Rectangular vias and complementary concentric square loops of the metamaterial structure are introduced to suppress the surface waves and to achieve the desired frequency of resonance. The feed line and the metamaterial structure are positionedaccordinglyto provide a better impedance matching. VSWR obtained is 1.04 and the antenna is linearly polarized and has a low profile. The total dimension of the antenna is 1.96×2.26×0.127mm3. The antenna structure can be used in an array for automotive radar applications.
Monitoring the amount of gases in air in smart cities provides immature gas emissions, polluting concentrations and filtering are examined in this paper. Air contamination is a worry in numerous metropolitan territories and is a critical reason for respiratory issues for some individuals. Monitoring the quality of air aids in the prevention of emission of gases and also the reduction of disease caused by pollution. A System has been developed to measure the values of CO2, NH3, and CH4 gases and therefore the parameters are sent via the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module through which we can monitor the concentration of the gases by tracking the IP address via IoT and also implemented a Kalman filter which purify the polluted air.
Furthermore, since people’s proportions of biological tissues including muscle, fat, and skeleton vary, the total dielectric constants of the human body, as well as the signal propagated through the human body, can be used as a biometric characteristic to authenticate people using Redtacton. Wearable systems can be smaller since the HBC is used for both authentication and connectivity. HBC authentication is ideal for wearable devices independent of location due to the use of a transmission signal between devices.
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