We have conducted a study based on single sperm typing in a family design to assess patterns of variability of the male recombination rate in cattle. 2214 sperm of 37 bulls were typed for 11 loci on bovine Chromosomes (Chrs) 6, 23, and the sex chromosomes. Statistically significant individual variability of the recombination rate was observed for one interval in the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) of the bovine sex chromosomes; one marker interval on bovine Chr 23 exhibited individual variability that was close to significance. Thirty-five of the bulls were members of six paternal halfsib groups, and highly significant variability between families was found for one interval in the PAR. This variability may be due to DNA sequence differences in the PAR or to a genetic control of the recombination activity in this region. It is demonstrated that differences in the recombination rate of the magnitude observed in the present study may have a considerable impact on the power of QTL mapping experiments as well as on the sustainability of marker-assisted selection strategies.
High rates of aneuploidy and mosaicism in donor oocyte cycles are consistent with the pregnancy rates of untested donor embryo transfers. The use of PGS with NGS can prevent transfer of aneuploid embryos in donor cycles. Donor Oocyte NGS Results from Reference Genetics Laboratory Total cycles 268 Total Trophectoderm Biopsy Specimens for NGS 2062 Avg age of Donors (years) 25.8AE2.3 Avg age of Recipient (years) 43.1AE6.3 Avg Number Cycles per Center 7.1AE10.5 Avg Number Blastocysts Biopsied per Patient 7.7AE4.1 Euploid (%) 48.7AE 23.8 Aneuploid(%) 22.9AE20.4 Mosaic (%) 28.4AE21.9 No Amplification (%) 2.5AE7.3 Rate of Degraded DNA (%) 0.8AE4.1
Tumor‐associated macrophages are the predominant immune cells present in the tumor microenvironment and mostly exhibit a pro‐tumoral M2‐like phenotype. However, macrophage biology is reversible allowing them to acquire an anti‐tumoral M1‐like phenotype in response to external stimuli. A potential therapeutic strategy for treating cancer may be achieved by modulating macrophages from an M2 to an M1‐like phenotype with the tumor microenvironment. Here, programmed nanovesicles are generated as an immunomodulatory therapeutic platform with the capability to re‐polarize M2 macrophages toward a proinflammatory phenotype. Programmed nanovesicles are engineered from cellular membranes to have specific immunomodulatory properties including the capability to bidirectionally modulate immune cell polarization. These programmed nanovesicles decorated with specific membrane‐bound ligands can be targeted toward specific cell types including immune cells. Macrophage‐derived vesicles are engineered to enhance immune cell reprogramming toward a proinflammatory phenotype.
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