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The present study confers the chemical quality of groundwater and surface water of Mothkur region, Telangana State, for drinking and irrigational purposes. Mothkur region is geologically occupied by the Archaean crystalline terrain. Most of the population depends on groundwater for their daily needs especially for drinking, house needs and irrigation purposes. For this reason, twenty-five groundwater and five surface water samples were collected and analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH) bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ), chloride (Cl − ), sulphate (SO 4 2− ), fluoride (F − ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), sodium (Na + ) and potassium (K + ). The results are evaluated and compared with WHO and BIS water quality standards. Based on obtained results 32%, 20%, 28% and 4% of groundwater samples are not recommended for drinking with reference to the concentrations of fluoride, TDS, TH and Cl − , respectively. Base-exchange indices and meteoric genesis indices classified 67% and 33% of the water sources as the Na + -HCO 3 − type and deep meteoric water percolation type, respectively. Piper trilinear diagram for geochemical classification indicates 44% and 60% of groundwater and surface water samples of Ca 2+ -Na + -HCO 3 − type and 29% belong to Na + -HCO 3 − types. Multivariate graphical methods have been carried out using the United States Salinity Laboratory diagram, Wilcox diagram, sodium adsorption ratio, per cent sodium (%Na), residual sodium carbonate and permeability index which indicate that majority of groundwater samples are useful for irrigation purposes.Keywords Hydrochemistry · Groundwater quality · Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) · Per cent sodium (%Na) · Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) · Permeability index (PI) · Mothkur region · South India Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https ://doi.

The concentration of trace elements such as As, Ba, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V, Y, and Zr was studied in soils around Zaheerabad Town, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The soil type in the study area is clayey and lateritic. The application of fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture has contributed to the continuous accumulation of trace elements in soils. The contamination of the soils was assessed by comparing trace element concentration with natural background values for clayey and lateritic soils. Fifty soil samples have been analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The concentration ranges of Cu (76.4-213.1 mg/kg) and Pb (4.2-50.1 mg/kg) are exceeding natural background limit and other trace element concentration like Co (44.4-85.7 mg/kg), Cr (138.8-348.5 mg/ kg), Ni (12-50.1 mg/kg), V (56.3-779.3 mg/kg) and Zn (71.2-133.7 mg/kg) are within permissible limit. The soil contamination was estimated on the basis of Index of geoaccumulation (I geo ), enrichment ratio (ERn) [or enrichment factor (EF)], contamination factor (CF) and degree of contamination (C deg ). The concentration of above-mentioned elements was similar to the levels in the earth's crust pointed to metal depletion in the soil as the EF was \1. Cu and Pb showed high EF in the soil samples indicating that there is a considerable heavy metal pollution, which could be correlated with the agricultural activity in the area. A contamination site poses significant environmental hazards for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They are important sources of pollution and may result in ecotoxicological effects on terrestrial, groundwater and aquatic ecosystems.

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Land degradation (LD) and desertification is a serious ecological, environmental, and social-economic threat in the world, and there is a demanding need to develop accountable and reproducible techniques to assess it at different scales. In this study to assess LD and desertification with the help of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) in the study region for the period of past 29 years i.e., from 1990 to 2019. The severity of LD and desertification was assessed quantitatively by collecting twelve soil samples in the study region, and analyzing the eleven soil Physico-chemical parameters and these values have made correlated with Digital Number (DN) values with LANDSAT 8 satellite image. The land cover analysis of LANDSAT imagery revealed that the water body slightly increased from 0.29% in 1990 to 0.46% in 2019, and built-up-land increased from 2.87% in 1990 to 5.31% in 2019. Vegetation is decreased from 52.03% in 1990 to 28.57%. Fallow land, degraded land, and desertified lands are increased at alarming rates, respectively 13.71% to 26.35, 18.57% to 22.31%, and 12.53% to 17.00%. It is also established that the multi-temporal analysis of change detection data can provide a sophisticated measure of ecosystem health and variation, and that, over the last 29 years, considerable progress has been made in the respective research.