Abstract Hymenopteran parasitoids are important biological control agents in agroecosystems, and their diversity can be increased with habitat heterogeneity. Thus, the purpose of the study is to evaluate the influence of distance of rice-growing areas from natural fragment, type of crop management (organic and conventional) and crop stages (vegetative and reproductive stages) on parasitoids family diversity. The work took place in two irrigated rice crops, one with organic management (O.M.) and another one with conventional management (C.M.), in the municipality of Nova Santa Rita, RS, Brazil, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. The parasitoids were collected with Malaise trap arranged at different distances in relation to the native vegetation surrounding the rice crop in both places. Specimens were collected twice a month from seeding until the rice harvest. Average abundance between management, distances and rice development were compared. The most abundant families were Platygastridae, Mymaridae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae and Trichogrammatidae. Parasitoid average abundance was significantly higher on OM only in the second season. There was a negative correlation between distance from native vegetation and parasitoid abundance in C.M. areas. There were differences in the composition of the parasitoid assembly between the phenological stages of rice.
The primary objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of a new internal teat sealant (ShutOutTM, Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) (SO) to the current U.S. industry leader (Orbeseal®, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) (ORB). This comparison was based on a non-inferiority evaluation of quarter-level new infection risk during the dry period, with secondary comparisons of cure risk, incidence of clinical mastitis at the cow level during the first 120 days in milk, as well as cow-level performance in early lactation based on milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), and risk for removal from the herd.
The primary objective of this study was to characterize the behavior of internal teat sealants during the dry period as well as sealant shedding patterns during the post-fresh period in dairy cattle. Two commercially available teat sealants were utilized for this study ShutOutTM (Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) versus Orbeseal® (Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ). Digital radiography was used to monitor location and percentage of teat fill with sealant at dry off during the dry period. Other parameters evaluated included weight of sealant shed at first milking, duration of sealant shedding after freshening, and amount of sealant shed at each milking. Incidence of clinical mastitis, teat-level infection status at dry off, and teat-level infection status during the dry and post-fresh periods were also assessed.
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