Climate change has resulted in extreme temperature and drought around the globe, which poses serious threat to food security. Both heat and drought stress affects the production and productivity of wheat crop. The present study was undertaken to evaluate 34 landraces and elite cultivars of Triticum spp. for phenological and yield-related traits under optimum, heat, and combined heat–drought stress environments during 2020–2021 and 2021–2022. The pooled analysis of variance showed significant genotype × environment interaction, suggesting an influence of stress on trait expression. The trait performance of genotypes exhibited significant reduction under combined heat–drought stress as compared to optimum and heat stress environments. The maximum seed yield penalty was observed under combined heat–drought stress environment as compared to heat stress alone. Regression analysis indicated significant contribution of number of grains per spike towards stress tolerance. Based on Stress Tolerance Index (STI), genotypes Local-17, PDW 274, HI-8802, and HI-8713 were identified to be tolerant to both heat and combined heat and drought stress at Banda, whereas genotypes DBW 187, HI-8777, Raj 4120, and PDW 274 were tolerant at Jhansi location. The genotype PDW 274 showed stress tolerance under all treatments at both the locations. The genotypes PDW 233 and PDW 291 showed highest stress susceptibility index (SSI) across the environments. The number of grains per spike and test kernel weight were positively associated with seed yield across the environments and locations. The selected genotypes Local-17, HI 8802, and PDW 274 were identified to be the potential sources of heat and combined heat–drought tolerance, which may be utilized in hybridization to develop tolerant wheat genotypes and also for mapping of underlying genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs).
In a field experiment conducted during 2002 to 2004 in silty clay loam soil at Pantnagar, India, treatment of trash burning þ Sesbania aculeata green manure (GM) incorporation gave the highest increases of 50.6 and 17.7% in ratoon cane yield and 15.0 and 19.4% in wheat grain yield over trash removal and trash burning treatments, respectively. Soil organic C and available N after ratoon and wheat crops were highest with trash removal þ GM incorporation and available P and K with trash removal þ GM mulch. The different treatments of trash and GM management were also superior to trash removal and trash burning in organic C and available N and P in soil at termination of the study. Soil microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activity at the end were at a maximum with trash burning þ GM mulch and trash removal þ GM mulch treatments, respectively. Compared to trash removal and trash burning, counts of bacteria in soil after ratoon and wheat crops were significantly more only with different GM treatments; however, all GM and trash application treatments recorded significantly higher counts of fungi and actinomycetes. Irrespective of the treatments, population of total bacteria in soil decreased, while that of fungi and actinomycetes increased as compared to their initial counts following sugarcane-ratoon-wheat sequence.
A field experiment was conducted during spring/summer season of 2007 and 2008 at Crop Research Centre of Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.) , to study the effect of planting date, seed rate and rows pacing on yield and yield attributes of bold seeded mungbean. Four planting dates (February 25, March 11, March 26 and April 10), three seed rates (30, 40 and 50 kg/ha) and two row spacing (20 cm and 30 cm) were tested. Grain yield increased with delay in planting up to March 11, thereafter it declined significantly and drastic reduction was observed beyond March 26. Seed rate of 40 kg/ha and row spacing of 20 cm was found to be optimum for higher yield of bold seeded spring mungbean. Nodulation studies were affected significantly due to different planting dates but row spacing and seed rate does not influenced significantly.
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