Our data demonstrate that serum lipid and lipoprotein levels continue to track from childhood into young adulthood. The persistence and clustering of multiple CVD risk factors from childhood to adulthood and the impact of obesity in this regard point to the need for preventive measures aimed at developing healthy lifestyles early in life. Adverse levels of LDL-C in childhood persist over time, progress to adult dyslipidemias, and relate to obesity and hypertension as well. NCEP guidelines which classify CVD risk on the basis of LDL-C level, are helpful in targeting individuals at risk early in life.

The persistence of obesity and overweight over eight years was assessed in a biracial (Black-White) cohort of 1,490 twoto 14-year-olds. Initial levels oftriceps skinfold thickness (TRSF) and Rohrer index (weight/height3) were moderately predictive of subsequent levels: r = 0.54 and 0.67, respectively. However, TRSF and Rohrer index tended to track most strongly in Black females (r = 0.64 and 0.72) and less well in both White females (r = 0.45 and 0.57) and preschool children (r = 0.45 and 0.54). Based on elevated levels of TRSF or Rohrer index, children were classified as obese or overweight, respectively. Of the 222 children who were initially above the

The relationship of dietary K+ with Na+ balance in young normotensives was studied. A, In two biracial communities, all children with specified age were stratified by blood pressure level. Children from selected strata collected 24-h urines on ambulatory basis and provided fasting blood for electrolytes and creatinine determination. For the upper percentile ranks (n = 160), the Na+ and K+ clearances correlated closer in Blacks than whites (r = 0.7 versus r = 0.4, p less than 0.005 for difference). B, To test for a causal effect of K+ intake on Na+ excretion, six white and eight Black young healthy normotensive volunteers took 80 mEq KCl daily in addition to their usual diets. They collected 24-h ambulatory urine and stool samples for 3 base-line days, and 4 days during K+ supplementation. Na+ and K+ intake was monitored daily. Upon K+ supplementation, Blacks showed natriuresis (p less than 0.01), negative Na+ balance (p less than 0.05), and a cumulative K+ balance more positive than whites (p less than 0.0001 versus p less than 0.05). Dietary K+ enrichment could affect Na+ balance.

Secular changes in height and weight measurements were examined in five-to 14-year-olds from 1973 to 1984. The age-sex specific 85th percentile was used to classify persons as overweight (based on ponderal index; kg/m3). Secular increases in weight (2.5 kg), and ponderosity (0.5-0.7 kg/m3) were found. Gains in ponderosity over the 11-year period were greater at the 75th percentile than at the 25th percentile, and the prevalence of overweight increased from 15 per cent to 24 per cent. (Am J Public Health 1988; 78:75-77.)

Although white adults have more extensive aortic surface involvement with fibrous plaques than do blacks, adolescent blacks have more aortic fatty streaks (FS) than do whites of similar ages. Possible determinants of these racial differences in aortic surface involvement with FS were therefore examined in 44 decedents who had previously been examined as part of the Bogalusa Heart Study. Ages at death ranged from 6 to 27 years (mean, 18 years); the median interval between the last risk factor examination and death was 3.5 years. More extensive aortic surface involvement with FS was observed in blacks (n = 11) as compared with whites (n = 33; 37% vs 16%, p = .0003). This racial difference was independent of age at death, and was seen in both male and female subjects. Black-white differences in several of the previously measured risk factors (serum lipids and lipoproteins, blood pressure, and obesity) were also observed, and in both races, aortic FS were related to several of these characteristics. (For example, the correlation between levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and aortic FS was 0.49 in whites and 0.73 in blacks.) However, even after controlling for antemortem levels of risk factors, blacks had an additional 16% surface involvement with aortic FS as compared with whites (p < .001). These findings suggest that the more extensive surface involvement of the aorta with FS in young blacks is not due to differences in clinical risk factors. Because more extensive raised lesions are found in white adults, the transition of FS to advanced atherosclerotic lesions may differ in whites and blacks.Circulation 77, No. 4, 856-864, 1988. ATHEROSCLEROSIS begins early in life. Fatty streaks are found in the aortas of nearly all children by the age of 3 years,1' 2 and appear in the coronary arteries during the second decade of life.3 Fibrous plaques also appear in the aorta and coronary arteries during the second decade.4 5 Antemortem levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors have been related to fibrous plaques (and more advanced lesions) in several autopsy studies of middle-aged men,6 and overwhelming evidence7' 8 implicates these lesions in clinical disease. Although the possible transition of fatty streaks to fibrous plaques remains controversial,9' 10