Polycrystalline films of barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) have been synthesized on titanium (Ti) substrates by the galvanostatic anodization of Ti in a solution of 0.4 M Ba(OH) 2 . Crystalline films are formed at temperatures under 100 ± C within 10 min at a current density of 25 mA͞cm 2 at atmospheric pressure. Crystallinity of the films is found to increase with both current density and time of reaction. At 90 ± C, a film of 1 mm thickness is formed after 10 min; grain sizes up to 0.5 mm are obtained. Microstructure of the films is found to be critically dependent on the pretreatment of the titanium anode. Capacitance measurements on the film yield a dielectric constant of 200 with a minimum tan delta of 0.09 at 10 kHz. On the basis of the voltage-time curves, it is interpreted that an amorphous intermediate is formed which crystallizes to form perovskite BaTiO 3 .194
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.