At present, the study of natural objects without modern information technologies is almost impossible. The use of GIS for monitoring spatial features of irrigation systems uncovers broad opportunities. The development of the organizational structure, the selection of the necessary software tools for the collection, storage, processing and analysis of semantic data integrated with spatial objects is an urgent task and has important scientific and practical value. The irrigated lands located in the southeast of Kazakhstan within the Almaty region are the object of research. Monitoring of these land salinization is carried out, including hydrogeological and hydrological observations and soil reclamation studies. The article discusses the methodology for creating a geographic information and analytical system to monitor irrigated lands, and describes its organizational structure. The content of the database, the composition of functional components, the basic properties and capabilities of laboratory processing and analyzes of field materials are described. The cartographic material component describes its basic properties, including properties intended for analysis of database objects and their spatial point analogues. Also, the possibilities for ArcGIS application modules to automate the process of constructing maps of the hydrogeological and reclamation conditions of irrigated objects, and the possibilities for automated calculation of areas in specified gradations of depth and groundwater salinity to assess the reclamation state of these lands are shown.
Water resources management in the rice irrigation systems in Kazakhstan as well as water conservation and its efficient use are associated with technological processes control factors such as irrigation efficiency, layout of rice bays and their terracing. Managing technological processes in rice systems is complex, since there are significant deviations in the technological parameters of rice systems from the optimal. Therefore, in order to properly manage these processes, it is necessary to know the impact, its direction, assess the results of these impacts and develop an appropriate scientific and information base. The paper considers the impact of rice bays layout quality and terrace on the water-salt regime of soils, rice productivity and irrigation rate. Also, it proposes improvements to parameters of rice systems, water conservation, environmental situation in areas of rice cultivation and water resources management in rice systems.
Akdala rice irrigation system is located on a high above-floodplain terrace of the Ili river basin, the geological structure of the top layer of soil is represented by 50 varieties that affect the rate of water consumption and rice yield. The soils are alluvial-meadow and takyr, the lithological composition of the aeration zone soils is characterized by a wide variety, differing in mechanical composition, water-physical properties and the degree of salinity. Water filtration on sandy loam, light loam, loam with layers of sandy loam rice paddies during rice irrigation constitutes 12-17 mm/day, which provides water renewal in rice paddies and removal of salts from the root layer of the soil. Rice is grown without flow and discharge of water from rice paddies, the rice yield is 6,8 t/ha and higher. Water filtration on heavy loam, loam with layers of clay soils rice paddies during rice irrigation constitutes 5-3 mm/day. On these soils, due to the convective diffusion of salts from the soil and from ground water, the salinity of water on rice paddies increases and reaches the critical threshold of toxicity of 2,5 g/l. To reduce the salinity of water in the paddies, water is discharged, with subsequent flooding from the irrigation channel, the rice yield is 4,8 t/ha. The rice paddies water balance of the incoming and outgoing is stable. In the aeration zone during the irrigation period desalination occurs in salt balance; in autumn-winter period salts from the lower horizons are redistributed to the upper ones. Rice cultivation, taking into account the geological structure and lithological composition of soils in the aeration zone, provides a profit per hectare of 86,988 tg/ha, the profitability ratio is 25,5%.
Studies on Akdala rice system found that rice plants sensitive to meteorological conditions. Climate change leads to changes in crop structure. The temperature of the rice field air and water has a special influence on the structure of the rice crop. It is established that the temperature of the water layer in rice paddies in the irrigation period does not exceeds 290 C, which is below the threshold of 350 C, when the flow and discharge of water from the paddies are recommended. The temperature of water in rice paddies, the surface layer was determined by an express thermometer, at the depth of the water layer 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm by Savin Thermometers, soil – thermometers TM-5.
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