Background: Mitral / Left Atrio ventricular Orifice is almost vertical in diastole and 45 0 to the sagittal plane with slight forward tilt. Mitral annulus consists of a collagenous ring where the lamina fibrosa of the valve leaflets are attached. There is variation in the length of annular circumference in different studies due to racial difference. According to previous reports mitral valve mean circumference is 9.0 cm in males; 7.2cm in females. The present study is aimed at studying the Morphology and morphometry of mitral valve annulus by dissection method in South Indian adult population.
Background: The knowledge of the ossified ligaments in the base of the skull is of utmost important for anatomical, clinical and anthropological correlations. One such ligament extending from the lateral pterygoid plate to the under surface of greater wing of sphenoid is named as Pterygoalar ligament and is named as Pterygoalar bar after its partial or complete ossification. This Pterygoalar bar is of great significance as it obscure the view of foramen ovale to approach it for anaesthetic , therapeutic purpose either suprazygomatic or infrazygomatic via. Also its enclosed foramen crotaphitico buccinatorius which is comparatively smaller than any other foramen may compress the structures passing through it, probably the structures emerging out of foramen ovale may take up a route via this foramen and get entrapped, which may lead to either neurovascular compression disorder.
Anatomical variations in the origin of the arteries in the abdominal area are very common. The coeliac trunk, renal and gonadal arteries are the arteries that show frequent variations. During routine dissection of a male cadaver, two aberrant renal arteries (one on right & one on left ) supplying bilateral polycystic kidneys and anomalous right testicular artery arising from aberrant right renal artery was found in the abdominal region. Both the aberrant renal arteries originated from the right antero lateral aspect of abdominal aorta, ran towards the lower pole of corresponding polycystic kidneys .We found that the origin of right and left aberrant renal arteries were not at the same level. Aberrant right renal artery arose at a lower level than the aberrant left renal artery. Origin of aberrant right and left renal arteries were 45mm and 20mm below the origin of main right and left renal arteries. It was also found that the right testicular artery was anomalous taking origin from the right aberrant renal artery and the left testicular artery arose from abdominal aorta below the origin of left aberrant renal artery. These anatomical variations and anomalies are important to know before performing any diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in the abdominal area. Knowledge of the presence of aberrant renal arteries with anomalous origin of gonadal arteries is important with increased use of laparoscopic renal surgeries and donor nephrectomy.
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