of lead. Data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food,7 8 however, suggest that there has been a substantial reduction in lead in most foodstuffs since 1970, and the mean dietary intakes of many foodstuffs have changed.9 10 These data have led to estimates of daily lead intake from food ranging from about 200 Ftg/day per adult in 1970-27 to about 100 FLg/ day per adult towards the end of the 1970s.8 While these estimates are crude, the increase in the use of frozen foodstuffs and the fall in the use of tinned foods, together with improved canning methods and other changes in the food industry, must have led to substantial reductions in lead intake from dietary sources. An association exists between the hardness of domestic water and blood lead concentrations, and it has been suggested that hard water, even in the absence of water lead, may lower
Female rabbits (n = 36, 6 per group) were immunized with: (i) solubilized isolated porcine zona pellucida (SIZP), which contains ZP1, 82 kDa; ZP3 alpha, 55 kDa; and ZP3 beta, 55 kDa; (ii) a purified preparation of ZP3 alpha and ZP3 beta (ZP3); (iii) purified endo-beta-galactosidase digested glycoproteins ZP3 alpha-(EBGD) and (iv) ZP3 beta-(EBGD) (each about 30% deglycosylated); (v) chemically deglycosylated core proteins ZP3 alpha-(DG) and (vi) ZP3 beta-DG (each greater than 92% deglycosylated). Rabbits injected with saline (n = 6) or Freund's adjuvant (n = 6) served as controls. Rabbits were bled weekly to monitor titres. Every six weeks two animals from each group (n = 16) were selected for unilateral oophorectomy followed by histological examination. Sections were scored for numbers of primary, secondary and tertiary follicles. Anti-ZP3 titres developed in all treatment groups and correlated with carbohydrate content (peak per cent [125I]-labelled ZP3 binding by radioimmunoassay: SIZP 71.9 +/- 1.2, ZP3 70.0 +/- 2.5, ZP3 alpha-EBGD 60.9 +/- 5.3, ZP3 beta-EBGD 56.4 +/- 5.0, ZP3 alpha-DG 56.4 +/- 4.0, ZP3 beta-DG 53.5 +/- 4.3) (means +/- SEM). Animals immunized with SIZP, ZP3 and ZP3 beta-EBGD showed a statistically significant reduction in the number of primary, secondary and tertiary follicles compared with controls (P less than 0.01, MANOVA), whereas animals immunized with ZP3 alpha-EBGD, ZP3 alpha-DG and ZP3 beta-DG did not (P greater than 0.05, MANOVA). These results demonstrate that immunization with purified ZP3 alpha macromolecules (ZP3 alpha-EBGD, ZP3 alpha-DG) or ZP3 beta-DG does not produce histopathological changes in ovaries. Such deglycosylated ZP macromolecules represent potential target antigens for immunocontraceptive development.
A survey was conducted in 1984-85, within Leicester City boundaries, which contains 64,535 children below the age of 15 years (20,267 Asian and 44,268 White Caucasian) to ascertain the prevalence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) using a central register maintained for the changeover to U-100 insulin, diabetic health visitor index cards, hospital admissions of diabetic children, and individual registers maintained by us. Overall prevalence per thousand for children aged 0-15 years was 0.54 for Asian and 0.99 for White Caucasians; for ages 10-15 years they were 0.97 and 1.87, and for ages 0-9 years, 0.31 and 0.38, respectively. This was not statistically different at the 5% level. Ours is the first population based study of its kind in Asian children, and challenges the view that there is a large difference in the prevalence of IDDM between Asians and White Caucasians. A wider analysis of this observation incorporating a large population base is suggested.
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