11Fuel additive technology is based on the use of a solid, fuel additive (iron, aluminium, calcium and silicon 12 based oxides), to reduce NOx emission, improve the quality of fly ash and result in 1-3% coal savings for 13 pulverised coal combustion. The findings in this study have been mainly based on extensive 14 experimentation on 100kWth down fired-combustion test facility (CTF) and partially on a 260tons/hr 15 steam commercial producing water tube pf boiler. International Innovative Technologies (IIT) developed 16 this additive based technology for the combined effect of reducing NOx from the combustion of 17 hydrocarbon fuels (mainly coal) and more specifically to improve the combustion process of fossil fuels 18 resulting in an ash by product with improved loss on ignition and lower carbon content. The improvement 19 in the combustion thermal efficiency of the commercial 260tons/hr steam producing boiler has been 20 calculated as per the direct calculation method of EN BS12952-15:2003 standard. 22 23Keywords: Fuel, additive, NOx, fly ash, combustion efficiency, coal, boiler, BS EN12952-15 (2003). 24 * Corresponding author: Email:s.daood@iituk.com; speme@hotmail.co.uk 25 26 27 Introduction 28The consumption of coal is increasing continuously on a global scale and is likely to 29 increase in forthcoming years due to its cheaper pricing compared with other conventional fuels 30 and further economic expansion in developing countries. However, the environmental 31 regulations and legislation has enforced a rise in carbon floor pricing and heavy penalties 32 towards breaching caps on emissions. In USA, the environmental protection agency has 33 proposed to implement 1,100 pounds (499 kgs) of cap on CO 2 emissions generated for every 63The proof of the concept to utilise IIT's fuel additive that has already been tested on Experimental test facilities and methods 67The pilot scale combustion test facility (CTF) comprises of a down-fired pulverised coal steam air heater, flue gas recirculation or circulating pump arrangements. 95The following were the calculations utilized for the purpose of determining the Thermal 177Similarly in a separate study related to pyrolytic cracking of coal tar, the initial heavy tar in the volatile-N. The increase in the gas yield (Table 4) Effect on Loss on ignition (LOI) 254The United States of America, India, China and Australia are the major producers of fly freeze-thaw conditions. Similarly excessive carbon affects the optimum density and moisture 262 content for filling applications.

8The influence of iron, aluminium and silicon based oxides (fuel improver) towards coal 9 combustion was investigated in a Thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) coupled with Fourier 10 transform infra-red (FTir) spectrophotometer, temperature controlled two stage bench reactor 11 (TSBR) and 100 kWth combustion test facility (CTF). The metallic oxides, 5%, 15% and 33% 12 by weight, in order to prepare overall 20 mg of sample blends were mixed with pulverised coal 13 for the TGA-FTir study. The individual un-blended samples of fuel improver and coal were also 14 analysed separately. The analysis of fuel improver samples revealed no evidence of hydrocarbon 15 release or weight change, however, substantial changes in the weight as well as release of 16 hydrocarbons (H-Cs) and CO were observed for coal. More importantly study of the combustion 17 data shows a distinct change in the peak intensities for CO and H-Cs, especially when coal 18 sample was blended with 5%, 15% and 33% (by weight) of fuel improvers. This suggests 19