Maloney and Ward (1973) attempted to reconceptualize the ecological crisis, not as a technological problem but as a crisis of maladaptive behavior: "Conceptualized in this manner, the solution to such a problem does not lie in traditional technological approaches but rather in the alteration of human behavior" (p. 583). Such alteration, however, is not feasible, perhaps not even possible, until critical population behaviors are assessed adequately. Consequently, the authors further stressed that we must "go to the people" to understand these behaviors. We must determine what the population knows, thinks, feels, and actually does regarding ecology and pollution. "These are necessary antecedent steps that must be made before an attempt can be made to modify critically relevant behaviors" (p. 584).In a preliminary attempt to provide such data, Maloney and Ward (1973) developed a 128-item1 ecological attitude-knowledge scale that was received with considerable interest and requests to use the scale in a variety of research projects. The present study sought to refine and shorten the original scale in an attempt to provide a more practical and efficient instrument and, second, to make the revised scale publicly available. MethodThe original scale was comprised of four subscalcs: verbal commitment (VC), which measures wbal a person states he is willing to do in reference to pollution-environment issues (31 items); actual commitment (AC), which measures what a person actually does in reference to pollutionenvironment issues (36 items); affect (A), which measures the degree of emotionality related to such issues {37 items);

Research concerning the sociocultural and personality correlates of deviant adolescent use of alcohol, psychedelic drugs, and narcotics was reviewed. A number of consistently replicated findings regarding both personality and sociocultural correlates of adolescent use were found. At the same time, lack of comprehensive, systematic and theory-bound research, gross lack of methodological rigor, and a lack of coordination of effort and integration of findings among the various areas of drug use research were noted. General requirements for the design of future research were also discussed.

This article presents an analysis of the limitations inherent in five empirical research models that have been used to study suicidal behavior. These extant models were shown to have specific limitations in terms of their ability to reflect an interactional perspective on suicidal behavior. A more adequate research model was then developed and used to test two hypotheses derived from a general interactional thesis. The findings supported both hypotheses, thus providing considerable support for the general thesis-that such real-life behaviors cannot adequately be understood by recourse to either individual difference variables alone or environmental variables alone. The implications of these findings and the empirical research model that revealed them are discussed in terms of heuristic value and relevance to students of other forms of human behavior.

This study examined the characteristics of homeless women with sub stance abuse problems. Data were collected on a sample of 323 home less substance abusers. First, 49 women and 274 men were compared to demonstrate distinct problems and treatment needs of the women. Results showed that the women were more likely than the men to abuse drugs, but less likely to receive substance abuse treatment. In addition, women spent more time in doubled‐up living arrangements, and were more likely to receive outpatient psychiatric treatment. Second, two subgroups of women were compared: those who had been homeless for 6 months or less, and those who had been homeless longer than 6 months during their lifetime. The women who had been homeless longer were less educated, younger when they first became homeless, and were more likely to abuse alcohol, to have been assaulted, and to have attempted suicide. Implications for research and treatment are discussed.

PROBLEhrMuch self-concept research and practice has been based on the assumption that the greater the discrepancy between the two self variables, actual self and ideal self, the greater the maladjustment. However, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that this is not true (e.g.e * , 3 ) . I n fact, several studies using self-ideal self discrepancy scores have found it impossible to differentiate certain psychodiagnostic categories ( e . g., most schizophrenias) from "norrnals" ('g 3 4 , 5 ) . When self-concept measurement is limited t o the variables self and ideal self, it simply does not have sufficient generality and sensitivity for a wide range of psychological research. Practically speaking, i t is virtually limited to studies involving psychoneurotics.Efforts were made by Miskimins (5* 6, to expand and detail self-concept measurement in such a way as t o make possible the identification of heretofore indistinguishable psychopathology. This study considers the relationships between various self-concept configurations, provided through a novel measurement technique, and :t large number of specific psychiatric-behavioral symptoms.