Summary
Depletion of earth's petroleum resources, greenhouse gas emissions, and global warming issues are caused by the conventional vehicles around the globe. In recent years, automotive industries focus on emerging alternative energy sources to mitigate the relying on fossil fuels so as to reduce global harmful emissions. Researchers have focused on the different aspects of hybrid and battery electric vehicles, such as energy management, regenerative braking control, and architecture of power electronics. This paper emphasizes on review of various energy management systems (EMSs) based on fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEV) in combination with two secondary energy storage systems like batteries and ultracapacitors to provide high‐performance energy storage system. The performance of the FC–battery–ultracapacitor with various types of energy management schemes and experimental investigations is reported in this paper. This paper provides various braking control schemes to alleviate the hydrogen utilization of an FCHEV in connection with batteries and ultracapacitors and furthermore gives thorough investigation of FCHEV on their energy utilization, configuration, and EMSs developed by different analysts. This study focuses on energy allocation schemes, experimental approaches, recovery of regeneration, and EMS for next generation hybrid electric vehicles.
This study investigates the influence of void microstructure on the effective elastic properties of high fiber volume fraction discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites with randomly oriented fibers. A void microstructure is characterized by using parameters such as the number of voids, void volume fraction, void Aspect Ratio and void size distribution. In order to overcome the difficulties associated with the creation of high fiber volume fraction representative volume element models containing voids, a novel automation program called ''ArtiComp'' is developed. This program is used to generate representative volume element models of discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites containing randomly oriented straight fibers, curved fibers and spheroidal voids. The effective properties of discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites are computed using a finite element-based micromechanics approach. For comparison, the Mori-Tanaka method is used to compute the effective properties of unidirectional discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites and then orientation averaging is performed on these properties to obtain the effective properties of discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites with randomly oriented fibers. The comparison shows that the finite element predicted properties are stiffer than the analytically predicted properties. The results indicate that the finite element predicted properties are dependent on the number of voids used to represent the void volume. It is seen that the effective properties significantly decrease when void volume fraction is increased. The void Aspect Ratio and void size distribution are found to have a negligible influence on the effective properties. Finally, it is observed that straight fiber composites with voids perform better than the corresponding curved fiber composites with voids.
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