Electricity is a basic need for the daily life of everyone, and it serves as the main driver for the economic growth in any country. Coal-fired Electricity generation forms the major share of energy resources in the world. In India, Coal-fired electricity generation represents about 78% of the total power generation in the country. Coal reserve is fast depleting in the world. This situation has necessitated many countries in the world to opt for Distributed Generation (DG), using renewable sources of energy, to meet, the growing demand for electricity and to meet the depleting situation of Coal. In the past, some studies have been carried out by the Researchers using different types of DG systems. This study considers installation of PV systems, making use of the abundant availability of Solar Energy Resources. Appropriate sitting and sizing of DGs could lead to many positive effects for the distribution systems concerned. However, at the same time, inappropriate sitting and sizing of DGs could lead to many negative effects on the distribution systems concerned, such as the voltage profiles, beyond permissible limits and increased network losses. Therefore, it becomes necessary to allocate DGs at optimal locations with optimal sizing. This paper presents the results of the study carried out in a 400 V distribution system as well as in an 11-kV feeder in the Kanchipuram Distribution System in Tamil Nadu, India. This paper also presents the economic impact of the system with PVCs regarding Internal Rate of Return (IRR)for the investment made.
Purpose: Fuel or oil transmission pipelines are made with light metal alloys to preventcorrosion and to provide a better safety record. This is achieved by the combinationof perfect design, selection of materials and functioning practices. However, like anyengineering structure, these lines also fail occasionally. Major cases of such failure it inducesdue to external interference or corrosion or due to manufacturing defects; so such of defectsif they were detected before failure and that can be treated to avoid failure or the life timecan be improved.Design/methodology/approach: In this study an aluminum alloy sample with microcrack was treated with FSW process with ZN powder. And studies were carried out againstboth treated and untreated samples with cracks.Findings: From the studies it is clear that FSW treatment over surfaces will reduces thecrack initiation in light metal alloy structures. The process can be done before or afterinstallation.Research limitations/implications: The results were recorded and suggested FSW as abest process for crack treatment in Al alloys. Especially in pressure lines or pressure vessels.Originality/value: Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state metal joining process. Thisis energy efficient, ecofriendly, and versatile light metal joining technique. In particular,high-strength aerospace aluminum alloys can be welded by using this technique. This willproduces high harden joints in light metals as just like conventional arc welding techniques.It is considered as the most significant research development in light metal joining.
During the recent past, the interest towards adoption of Distributed Generation (DG) has increased dramatically among the electric power system utilities. It has been well established that installation of PV Generation at the load points in a distribution system is excellent advantages for both consumers and the utilities. The question arises whether the maximum beneficiary is the Utility or the consumer and who has to bear the cost. This research analyses the economics of the DG with PV Systems, taking a typical 400V distribution system. A detailed procedure adopted for performing the economic analysis is presented in this paper. Benefits considered includes Saving in the energy losses, Energy substitute by the PV system, Capacity release in the Feeders and the Transformer. The PV system is installed at the selected consumer load points, based on the size and location of the loads. Discounted Cash Flow technique is used to assess the economics of the system, by computing the Internal Rate of Return. The paper presents the advantages of using PV Generating systems in the Power Distribution System, quantifying economic benefits both for the Utilities and for the Customers with supporting data.
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