The use of the monopile support structure farther offshore requires a large amount of construction steel. Designing an efficient foundation can significantly reduce the amount of steel needed and thus the total costs. This paper evaluates the applicability of current foundation design criteria for large-diameter monopiles. Emphasis will be on the vertical tangent criterion as suggested by Germanischer Lloyd and the “zero-toe-kick” criterion for determining the required embedded pile length under static loading conditions. The lateral behavior of a total of 40 different design cases of monopile support structures in water depths ranging from 15 to 35 m has been studied. The soil conditions ranged from loose to very dense sand, which is typical for the North Sea. It has been concluded that the vertical tangent and the “zero-toe-kick” criteria leads to overly conservative embedded pile lengths. A preliminary design approach is presented, which is based on the knowledge that shortening the embedded pile length will decrease the natural frequency of the support structure. The results from this preliminary design approach study have been compared with the current monopile design practice, and it was concluded that the embedded monopile length can be reduced while achieving both lateral stability and maintaining small values of deflection at mudline and the pile toe.
Comparative analysis of time series satellite images spread over the past four decades indicated significant changes in the mangrove environment of the Krishna-Godavari twin deltas along the east coast of India. We analyzed Landsat-MSS, TM and ETM images from 1977, 1990, and 2000, respectively, and Indian Remote Sensing Satellite images from 1992, 2001, and 2013, which indicated that the mangrove cover in the region increased from 35,058 ha in 1977 to 39,283 ha by 2013. In spite of loss of mangrove vegetation over 8,036 ha due to coastal erosion, deforestation , decline and aquaculture encroachments, several mangrove-restoration projects taken up during 1991-2008 led to an overall increase in its area. Various mangrove eco-reforestation techniques were adapted in the region.
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