Topical delivery methods have been used since the dawn of time, employed to cure a wide range of ailments and for aesthetic purposes. Transdermal drug delivery has evolved throughout time, with the development of passive and active technologies that have resulted in enhanced distribution, accuracy in drug dosage, and better fulfilment of the requirements of the individual. The search for more powerful pharmaceuticals that can be delivered to the skin through appropriate transdermal technologies will continue to be a focus in the development of drugs for transdermal patches and other forms of delivery. Topical and transdermal distribution has been around for a while, but this review will focus on transdermal patches and how they've evolved. The articles have been searched on different search engines such as Scopus database, Science direct, PubMed, Google scholar, and Bentham science using multiple keywords. An adhesive transdermal patch is applied to the skin and contains medicine that is absorbed into the bloodstream through the skin. It aids in the recovery of an afflicted part of the body. When compared to oral, topical, i. v., and i. m. administration systems, transdermal drug delivery allows a controlled release of the medicine into patients, often by either a porous membrane or by body heat melting small layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. The fundamental drawback of transdermal delivery methods is that the skin is a highly efficient barrier, therefore, only tiny molecules can enter the skin and be administered in this manner.
There is limited study reporting the severity of anxiety and depression in cancer cohort and their caregivers. We aimed in this systematic review to determine the prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among comprehensive cancer patient and their caregivers during COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic review search was performed on PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Scopus till June 2021. PRISMA guidelines were used in this systematic review. Reviews were performed to collect all original research articles to describe prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the cancer patients and their caregivers. All analysis was done by using RStudio version 1.0.136. 4 studies from our search criteria were eligible for inclusion for anxiety symptoms. Meta-analyses revealed that no any significant difference in incidence of anxiety in cancer and their caregivers. The pooled odds ratio 1.00 [95% CI; 0.87- 1.15]. Pooled prevalence in patients and their caregivers 49% [25%; 74%] and 50% [26%; 73%] respectively. Anxiety was relatively higher in cancer patients and their care givers. Isolation, married caregivers showed most significant factor to increase anxiety in cancer patients and their care givers. This metaanalyses suggest that prevalence of anxiety in cancer patients and their caregivers were significantly increasing during COVID-19.
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