The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity was evaluated for the marine seaweeds viz., Enteromorpha sp. Cystoseria indica, Sargassum swartzii, Gracilaria corticata, Caulerpa taxifolia and Caulerpa racemosa from Kodinar coast, Gujarat. Different solvents viz., methanol, ethanol, chloroform and diethyl ether were used for seaweed extraction to envisage the antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria viz., Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and total antioxidant capacity were determined in ethanol extracted seaweeds. The maximum antibacterial activity was observed in the ethanol extract of all the seaweeds except C. racemosa. Among the seaweeds, the total antioxidant potential was found to be maximum in the ethanol extract of S. swartzii -19.84±0.14 (19.8 mg of Ascorbic acid/g of seaweed extract) and the greatest H2O2 scavenging activity was shown by the ethanol extract of S. swartzii (81.63±0.39 % inhibition) compared to the control (ascorbic acid) 95.24±0.22. Hence, from the present study it is evident that the seaweeds collected from Kodinar coast harbors excellent inhibitory activity against various human pathogens and has significant antioxidant potential as well. In particular, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of S. swartzii was found to be excellent and can be pointed out as the best candidate among the other seaweeds tested.
Objective:The objective of this study is to evaluate a meticulous pharmacognostic cram is to supplement constructive information with regard to its identification, characterization, and standardization of endemic and endangered medicinal climber Cayratia pedata var. glabra and also screening the antibacterial activity of this climber.Materials and Methods:The morphological characters of study plant, microscopic examination of leaf powder, anatomy of young stem, physicochemical analysis of plant powder, extractive values, phytochemical analysis, powder with different chemical reagents, fluorescence analysis of plant powder, and other World Health Organization (WHO) recommended for standardization were analyzed. The antibacterial activity of this study plant is also analyzed.Results:C. pedata var. glabra belongs to the family Vitaceae, commonly known as “Kattuppirandai” is one such endemic and endangered species in Thaisholai, Nilgiris South Division, Western Ghats. With the patronage of veteran ethnic group traditional knowledge of this region, the species C. pedata var. glabra was selected for the pharmacognostical examination and antibacterial screening. There were no pharmacognostical reports of this plant, specifically to determine the anatomical and other physicochemical standards required for its quality control. The current study deals with pharmacognostical parameters for the aerial parts of study plant, which mainly consists of macromorphological and microanatomical characters, physicochemical constants (ash values and extractive values), fluorescence analysis, and phytochemical screening, one of the WHO accepted parameter for the identification of medicinal plants. The pharmacognostical exploration was undertaken for this species with the purpose of sketch the pharmacopeial standards. The antibacterial activity of this plant confirms the therapeutic power.Conclusion:The information obtained from pharmacognostical studies will be of used for supplementary pharmacological and therapeutical evaluation of the species and will assist in standardization for quality, purity, and authentication with the help, of which adulteration and substitution can be prevented. The antibacterial activity of this plant confirm the traditional knowledge of local healers on the wound healing property of this species and also suggest this plant species can be used as a promising source for the development of new pharmaceuticals that address the therapeutic needs to cure infectious diseases.SUMMARY The species C. pedata var. glabra was selected for present research work, since this species is listed in Red data book and has a wider use for different ailments among the tribal population of Thiashola due to its high medicinal value. Pharmacognostical profile was generated from macroscopical analysis, microscopical studies, powder analysis, physico-chemical constituent values, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical evaluation. The antibacterial activity of this plant confirms the therapeutic power. Abbreviations Used: W...
A total of 616 fungal isolates were obtained from 1600 segments of leaves and stems of the medicinal plant Anisomeles malabarica during four seasons (2009)(2010). Fourteen different morphospecies were isolated: Botryodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum dematium, Pestalotiopsis microspora, Phoma betae, Phomopsis arnoldiae, Phomopsis stipata, Phomopsis sp., Phomopsis tersa, Phyllosticta murnadensis, Septoria sp., Penicillium sp., Nigrospora sp. and sterile forms. Phomopsis spp. was the most dominant and frequently isolated taxon. Colonization frequency (%) differed significantly between the seasons. The total colonization frequency of endophytes during south-west monsoon comprised young leaves 6.6%, mature leaves 15.7%, young stems 3.6% and mature stems 13.4%; north-east monsoon comprised young leaves 4.3%, mature leaves 16%, young stems 7% and mature stems 15.9%; winter comprised young leaves 14%, mature leaves 21.7%, young stems 12.5% and mature stems 17.1%; summer comprised young leaves 1.2%, mature leaves 4.4%, young stems 0.9% and mature stems 2.6%. The colonization rate was higher during the winter than in the monsoon and summer seasons. Moreover, the higher colonization frequency was found in mature leaves than in young leaves. The maximum relative percentage occurrence was coelomycetes (97.91%) followed by agnomycetes (1.33%) and hyphomycetes (0.76%).
Glaucoma is an eye disorder that characterized by elevated Intraocular pressure (IOP). The optic nerve head was damaged by the increased intraocular pressure. It will lead to vision loss, if it is unnoticed. By the extraction of optic disc and optic cup and also calculating the cup to disc ratio, the glaucoma will be detected. In our project we automatically extracted the optic disc in retinal image by using LDA and Medial axis detection. The optic cup extracted by using threshold based initialization level set method and ellipse fitting algorithm. These methods have been tested on drive databases. The average value obtained for (optic disc is a precision value and Recall value are 0.9 and 0.966 respectively, the F-score of 0.9323 and for optic cup a precision value and Recall value are 0.9 and 0.946 respectively, the F-score of 0.9218) describes that this method is a robust tool for detection of optic disc and optic cup..
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