Brno, 58, 1989: 215-223. In in vitro experiments we studied the effect of monensin on production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) from cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin and starch in mixed cultures of rumen microorganisms. The following results were obtained:1. Monensin lowered the concentration of VF A in cultures with cellulose. There were only minor differences in total VF A concentration between monensin-free and monensin-treated cultures with hemicelluloses, pectin and starch.2. Monensin decreased the molar ratio acetate to propionate in cultures with hemicelluloses, pectin and starch, but increased this ratio in cultures with cellulose.3. There were no significant differences between monensin from Elanco and its Czechoslovak analogue. Monensin maintained its effect throughout the 3-month experimental period. In vitro, rumen fluid, acetate, propionate, butyrateMonensin, an ionophore antibiotic, is widely used to improve the feed efficiency and stimulate the body mass gains of ruminants. While considerable research has been reported on how rumen fermentation is affected by monensin, information is limited on how this polyether ionophore affects the fermentation of particular components of plant cell material. Some experiments in vivo and in vitro have shown that monensin decreases the digestibility of fibre and fibrous components (Poos et al. 1979;Henderson et al. 1981;Wallace et al. 1981;Whetstone et al. 1981). Also salinomycin, an ionophore similar to monensin, has been shown to depress the digestibility of fibre (Zinn 1986). However, other authors found only minor
Activites of lactate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.27), malate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1. 1. 1.40), 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, (E.C.1.2.4.2) glutamate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.4.1.3), glutamin synthetase (E.C.6.3.1.2), arginase (E.C.3.5.3.1), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (E.C.2.1.3.3), aspartate aminotransferase (E.C.2.6.1.1) and alanine aminotransferase (E.C.2.6.1.2) were measured in cardic and skeletal muscles of steers fed ration with or without monensin. Steers, 9 months old at the beginning, were fed concentrate, molasses, grass, lucerne and maize chaff. Five steers received monensin in amount of 0.5 mg per 1 kg of live body mass per day. Control ration, without monensin was fed to the other five steers. After 10 months steers were slaughtered and activity of enzymes assayed in the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fraction of cells. Monensin increased activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and decreased activity of glutamate dehydrogenase in both fractions of the skeletal muscle tissue. Enzymatic activities found in heart mitochondria were higher in monensin-fed steers than in control steers. Steers given monensin gained 8.23 % more than control steers (263 vs 243 kg). Monensin, enzyme, heart, muscleFeed antibiotics, including monensin, have the ability to improve perfonnance and feed efficiency in ruminants. It is known that monensin is absorbed from the alimentary tract (D a vis 0 n 1983; Don 0 h 01984) and several authors demonstrated its influence on intermediary metabolism of ruminants (Armstrong and Spears 1988; Benz et al.1989;Marounek et al. 1989). Little is known about the effect of monensin on activity of tissue enzymes in ruminants. K a I a c n j uk et al. (1993) measured activity of various enzymes in rumen mucosa and liver of steers fed monensin at recommended level. Authors found no consistent effect of monensin on enzymes of both tissues. In this paper we report data on activity of nine enzymes in cardiac and skeletal muscles of steers fed ration with or without monensin for ten months. Cardiac and skeletal muscles are primary target tissues at high intake of monensin (T 0 d d et al. 1984; Van V lee t et al. 1985) and, presumably, also during long-term supplementation of rations under normal feeding conditions. ' Materials and MethodsTen crossbred steers, 9 months old at the beginning of experiment, were divided into two groups, according to feed additive treatment. Steers were individually housed and kept on a diet consisting of concentrate (I kg per 100 kg of the live weight), molasses (0.5 -1.0 kg) and grass, lucerne and maize chaff ad libitum. In winter, the roughage portion of the diet consisted of maize silage and beet ad libitum. Concentrate contained ground barley (63%), dried poultry litter from broilers which did not receive a ionophore in their diet (20%), grass meal (15%) and zeolite (2%).
Kalal!njuk G. I., M. Marounek, M. G. Gerasymiv, O. G. Savka, L. G. Mucosa and Liver of Steers Fed Monensin. Acta vet. Bmo, 62, 1993: 127-131. Kalal!njuk: Activity of Dehydrogenases and Enzymes of Nitrogen Metabolism in RumenThe effect of monensin on activity of intracellular enzymes of tissues was determined in ten steers fed hay, silage and concentrate. Five steers received monensin in amount of 0.5 mg per 1 kg of live weight per day. Mter 10 months steers were slaughtered and activity of dehydrogenases and enzymes of nitrogen metabolism assayed in mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fraction of cells of rumen mucosa and liver. Monensin had no consistent effect on activity of nine enzymes examined (lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, ex-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamin synthetase, arginase, ornithine carbamoyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase). The results indicate that long-term inclusion of monensin into diet of steers has no damaging effect on cells of rumen mucosa and liver. Monensin, enzyme, rumen mucosa, liver ~onophores are fed to ruminants because they improve feed efficiency and increase weight gains. Numerous studies have demonstrated that ionophores alter rumen metabolism (review Bergen and Bates 1984). Typical ionophore-induced effects include the increase of propionate production in the rumen and the decrease of production of acetate, butyrate and methane. Similar changes in fermentation stoichiometry were observed in ruminant hindgut (Marounek et al. 1990). Recent research provided evidence for an effect of ionophores on metabolism in ruminants independent of alterations in rumen and hindgut microbial metabolism. Experiments of Davison (1984) showed that 36-40% of radiolabelled monensin was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of calves and Armstrong and Spears (1988) supplied data on changes of intermediary metabolism of heifers following intravenous ionophore administration.In this paper we examined the effect of long-term monensin feeding on activity of nine intracellular enzymes in rumen mucosa and liver of steers. . Materials and MethodsTen crossbred steers, one year old at the beginning of experiment were divided into two groups according to feed additive treatment. Steers were individually housed and kept on a diet consisting of concentrate (3.5 kg) and hay and silage ad libitum. Five steers received monensin in amount * Correst'Onding author
The growth of Enterococcus faecium strains CCM 4231 and EF 26, and Staphylococcus gallinarum SG 31 was inhibited by salinomycin and lasalocid at concentrations of 25 and 50 mg/L. Staphylococcus gallinarum was more sensitive to the additives used than were enterococci. Maximum inhibition (90%) was measured after the growth with the SG 31 strain in the presence of both ionophores. Growth of organisms was more inhibited by salinomycin at 25 mg/L (67.5%) than at 50 mg/L (63%). The inhibitory effect in enterococcal strains reached after the addition of salinomycin and lasalocid (on average) 63 and 58%, respectively. The CCM 4231 strain was more inhibited by salinomycin as well as by lasalocid than was the EF 26 strain.
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