Knowledge of animal spatial ecology is essential for the design and siting of proposed aquatic protected areas (APAs), as well as the assessment and monitoring of existing ones. Acoustic telemetry is one of the primary tools for the assessment of animal movements in aquatic systems through either manual tracking or the establishment of fixed receiving stations. Recent technological developments in code division multiple access (CDMA) acoustic telemetry now enable the simultaneous real-time monitoring of numerous individual fish at fine time scales providing APA researchers with a robust new tool. Fish can be positioned in three-dimensions with sub-meter accuracy in both deep and shallow waters. Here, we describe a whole-lake environmental observatory that includes a 13-hydrophone acoustic telemetry array that has been used to monitor the position of 22 tagged fish at 15 sec intervals. Although we use a freshwater fish and environment as a case study, this telemetry system is equally useful for marine environments including under-ice. We evaluate the applicability of CDMA MAP technology to address pressing questions in applied APA research. The CDMA MAP system provides the flexibility to collect information at multiple spatial-temporal scales, responding to the varied levels of detail and precision required for different applications in APA research. When combined with the suite of other telemetry and monitoring approaches available, CDMA MAP technology will enable researchers to document the spatial ecology essential for improving APA science. Furthermore, because numerous animals from different trophic levels can be tracked in real time, CDMA MAP technology will also aid in our understanding of complex community-level dynamics consistent with the shift towards ecosystem-based APA management.

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A whole-lake acoustic telemetry array was utilized to monitor the three-dimensional position of 20 largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Code division multiple access (CDMA) technology enabled the simultaneous monitoring of the 20 transmitters (equipped with pressure and temperature sensors) at 15 s intervals with sub-meter accuracy. Fish were monitored between

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An alternative means of reducing the observation time required to make high resolution broadband spatial spectral estimates is presented which precludes the need for preliminary periodogram cross spectral density (CSDM) estimates. The methods described here are based on low order multichannel minimum variance (MCMV), and multichannel autoregressive (MCAR) spectral estimators [5, 61. The low order nature of the array output process is shown by examining the approximate rank of a Hankel matrix defined from the array output assuming low order autoregressive moving average models of source spectra. Results based on simulation and actual towed array data are presented which indicate MCMV and MCAR offer a means of observation time threshold reduction and comparable performance with previously proposed methods based on preliminary CSDM estimates [l, 2, 31. '

The behaviour of free-swimming, telemetered, adult largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (L.), was monitored using a whole lake, three-dimensional acoustic telemetry array to test the hypothesis that fish activity and depth distribution are influenced by lunar phase. The percent of lunar face shining and whether the moon was waxing or waning were significant determinants of swimming activity and depth distribution during most of the lunar cycles evaluated, although these patterns were not consistent across the year. In spring and summer, daily depth distribution followed a pattern in which the fish inhabited greater depths on the 26-50% and 51-75% waxing moon. Fish daily movement distances were five times greater during spring and summer than in winter, but no repeatable patterns were noted in relation to lunar periodicity. This