In this paper an investigation is carried out to classify the steady state responses of asymmetric piecewise linear vibration isolators as double hitting, single hitting, and no hitting. In each class, the analysis has been carried out using a set of coupled nonlinear algebraic equations following Natsiavas and Gonzalez [1]. Applying perturbation technique, a closed form analytic expression of the frequency response is also derived for symmetric conditions. The exact frequency response is utilized to validate the analytic results obtained by perturbation techniques. Direct comparison indicates the results obtained by averaging method are mathematically and practically close to the exact solution.
Usage of mineral admixture and chemical admixture in concrete or mortar is a usual solution to reach full compaction, particularly where reinforcement blockage and lack of skilled labor happen. In this paper effect of mineral admixtures (Carbon-free fly ash, hereafter CfFA, and normal fly ash) on fresh properties and rheology of mortar have been investigated. As a result, it was confirmed that CfFA increased significantly the fluidity and air content of mortar in comparison to normal fly ash, both in 15% and 30% replacement; however, the flow loss and air stability within one hour were almost equal. In addition, the initial setting time has also been affected by variation of materials. The two mixing of 30% and 15% of CfFA had a shorter setting time in comparison to the mortar with normal fly ash. Furthermore, CfFA based mortar had a great influence on rheology of mortar. Compared to normal fly ash, CfFA Considerably decreased the plastic Viscosity and increased the productivity of the mortar, both in non-vibrated and vibrated condition, particularly those with 30% replacement.
Lateral force of a tire depends on the sideslip and camber angles. Camber angle is the roll angle of a tire with respect to the road surface and may be a function of the vehicle roll angle. However, the camber angle may also be generated by a steer angle because of suspension and steering mechanisms. A steerable tire turns about a steering axis which can be determined by the caster and lean angles. The steered tire will gain a camber angle because of caster and lean angles. This camber-steering might be in favor or opposite to the direction the vehicle is supposed to turn. A few negative degrees caster angle is required for directional stability. Although the lean angle can be set to be zero, it is usually set to a few degrees positive value to help steering. Therefore, the camber angle of a steerable tire is a function of steering, caster, and lean angles in a nonlinear manner. In this investigation, we employ the screw theory to model the rotation of a tire about the steering axis kinematically. A set of equations will be found to determine the camber angle as a function of caster, lean, and steer angles. Determination of the associated camber trust due to steering would be the application of this study.
Traditional manual designing of bicycles often relies on prototype building and testing and since structural deficiencies often are not obvious until a prototype fails, several build-and-test iterations are usually required before a satisfactory design is obtained. Also, the final design may be less than optimal because of quick fixes inserted at the last minute. However, by utilizing computer-aided design, better bicycles can be designed at smaller investments of time and money. The development and utilization of a DI-3000 based (graphics subroutines developed by Precision Visual), user-friendly, self contained computer aided design package for the analysis and design of bicycle frames and forks are presented. The software, written in Fortran 77 and executable on most passive and active graphics devices, creates the necessary analysis input files for the ANSYS finite element program (developed and marketed by Swanson Analysis System Inc.). These pre and post processing files in conjunction with the ANSYS program are used to determine deflections and stress components. The graphics user interface module of the software allows users to enter bicycle geometry, loading and other pertinent data quickly and efficiently. Tubing configuration and specifications are selected from a data base through the use of cursor-controlled menus. The loading menu presents users with seven different types of realistic and self-consistent loading conditions from which to choose. Computer graphics is also used extensively wherever appropriate to enhance user-computer interaction. Contrasting color and text size are used to explain pictorially as well as visually unfamiliar terminology and to clarify vague sign or orientation conventions, thus, leading to more accurate input. While this package has been designed for instructional purposes, it can also be used by design engineers involved in the design of bicycles to facilitate the creation of ANSYS pre and post processing files.
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