concerned with the identification and analysis of values which influence public policy decision-making at two levels of government-international and metropolitan.The immediate object of the study is to test the applicability of different methods of behavioral analysis to the study of this problem. The ultimate purpose is to develop better understanding of the factors which impede or contribute toward effective cooperation among relatively autonomous governmental units in the solution of common problems. Formulation of Conceptual SchemeMethodologically, the project is concerned with the interrelationship between values as criteria of group / individual action and their impact on governmental decision-making. A monograph setting forth -is scheduled for publication soon. This study will provide the conceptual framework to test hypotheses in all of the field and research aspects of the project. It is hoped that the definition here developed provides a much-needed interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of values and their influence on decision-making. &dquo;Values&dquo; is defined as a normative standard of the desirable, functioning as an operational force in human behavior. Only that which is defined by the actor as guiding is considered relevant. Value is distinguished from goals, because the &dquo;desired&dquo; is distinguishable from (a) the &dquo;desirable&dquo;; from (b) beliefs which are existential propositions, expressing what human beings consider to be facts; and from (c) &dquo;im-pulses&dquo; which include a range of factors, either biologically determined or socially learned, which dictate human behavior with little room for choice.Value is distinguished by such properties as (1) oughtness, (2) associated reacat NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIV LIB on June 19, 2015 jcr.sagepub.com Downloaded from 176 tions of guilt, anxiety, condemnation, or approval, and (3) a sense of self-appraisal or appraisal of others. This analysis of value is broadly set within the frame of reference of the theory of action of Parsons, Shils, Kluckhohn and their followers and Lewinian field theory. Bibliographical CenterA master bibliographical classification scheme has been designed for the bibliographical center where materials are being collected for use by research fellows and others working on the program. The center will include references relating to:1. The identification of value profiles and analysis of their relationship to political behavior, 2. The identification of policy processes, goals and operative influences upon policy, and, 3. Research methodology and theory relevant to the analysis of values and political behavior.The classification scheme provides for a breakdown of determinants of behavior into values, beliefs, and impulses, as affecting and affected by governmental action, and a structural functional approach which relates behavior to social and political systems. Metropolitan ProjectsThe metropolitan aspect of the program, under the direction of Drs. Teune and Wheaton, is currently exploring (1) the role of va...
Modeling the behavior of offshore drilling platforms, ships, and other hydraulic structures in ice covered waters is relatively new in the Western Hemisphere. The recent emphasis on developing such a capability is primarily a result of oil, gas, and mineral discoveries in Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The need for model testing arises from the fact that model data can be obtained in a timely and economical manner as compared to the conduct of full scale experiments in the hostile arctic environment. The purpose of the paper is to present the techniques and modeling procedures for simulating the interactions of structures and ice and expanding the force data from model to full scale. A brief history of simulating ice sheets and the methods of ice model testing are reviewed including early Soviet work and current United States efforts. The characteristics of the Soviet, Finnish, German, United Kingdom, and American ice model basins are compared including a description of methods used to grow model ice sheets and control ice properties. A test facility which uses saline ice for simulating the ice cover has been in operation in the United States for over a year. Some results of icebreaking model tests from this facility and full scale icebreaking tests are discussed and compared. The comparison shows that good correlation exists between model and full scale icebreaking ship resistances when saline model ice is used. Having established a satisfactory correlation with full scale tests variations in structural design parameters to determine changes in ice resistance can be made merely by changing model shapes. Several model tests of offshore structures in ice fields are also described. A variety of different ice conditions can be modeled in the basin. They include: uniform ice sheets, pressure ridges, pressure in the ice sheet, hummock ice fields, broken ice in a channel, refrozen clogged channels, and brash ice. Modeling other than continuous icebreaking could include ramming capability of ships, dual ship operations, moving loads on the ice surface, moving vehicle just below the ice surface, dynamic response of structures due to unsteady ice forces, heat of fusion tests, and tests involving creep of long term loads on ice sheets. INTRODUCTION The recent discovery of large oil, gas, and mineral resources in Alaska and the Canadian archipelago has stimulated significant activity in the development of transportation systems and offshore structures which must be capable of continuous, reliable, and safe operation in ice covered waters. Past knowledge in these fields has been relatively scarce as demands for technology were very low-keyed and operating experience was limited. Operations in the arctic and Antarctic were conducted during summer months with few attempts to collect performance data as the impetus to expand missions and improve the technology was lacking. The impetus came after the statehood of Alaska and the desire by the United States Coast Guard in 1966 to start the development of a program to replace the aging icebreaker fleet of WIND Class icebreakers.
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